123456789101112Biology of behaviour.pptx

Biology of behaviour

1. BIOLOGY OF BEHAVIOUR

2. Body- Mind Relationship- Modulation Process in Health & Illness or Physiological basis of behaviour

3. Effects of Bodily Conditions on Mental Functioning Increased blood pressure causes mental excitement. Severe pain reduces the concentration level. Chronic illness causes depression. Malfunctioning of the endocrine glands may exert full influence on one's personality, resulting in lethargy, nervous tension, etc.

4. Physical fatigue affects our mood and reduces our motivation, interest and concentration. Brain injury affects many psychological functions. At the same time well developed brain leads to the development of better intellectual functioning.

5. Effects of Mental Conditions on Bodily Functioning Unpleasant emotions like fear, anger and worry cause irritability, insomnia, headache, etc. Mental processes are intimately connected to brain or cortical processes, e.g. depression affects thinking and memory. Emotional conflicts are responsible for peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis, etc. Deep thinking and concentration can cause physical strain.

6. According to Franz Alexander, repressed feelings of hostility and aggression are expressed through the nervous system and cause hypertension and cardiac diseases. Repressed feelings of dependency, wish to receive love, affect parasympathetic nervous system resulting in gastrointestinal disorders or respiratory disorders. Unconscious motivation and conflicts gives rise to many physical complaints and neurotic disorders like conversion disorders.

7. Relationship between body and the mind has an effect on health and illness. If the relationship is harmonious, it leads to health, while an adverse relationship leads to illness. If all the body and mental processes are working within normal range, the individual will have good health. Disruption in any one of the processes will lead to illness.

8. Psychosomatic medicine deals with physical diseases caused by psychological factors. In these patients, the treatment should be given for both body and mind, e.g. in case of peptic ulcer the treatment includes both drugs and psychotherapy. The nurse should understand the interrelationship between the body and the mind. She should also understand the emotional factors underlining the disease of the patient. It is always necessary to study the patient's physical and psychological problems in order to provide comprehensive care.

9. GENETICS AND BEHAVIOR: HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT

10. Heredity Heredity is considered as “the sum total of inborn individual traits”. Biologically, it has been defined as “the sum total of traits potentially present in the fertilized ovum”. According to Douglas and Holland “one's heredity consists of all the structures, physical characteristics, functions or capacities derived from parents, other ancestry or species”.

11. All organisms possess a life cycle, which includes growth, development, reproduction and decline. Though there is essential unity in life, the ways by which each organism exercises its capacities are different. These individual qualities of organisms and their basic properties are transmitted by means of heredity.

12. Mechanism of Heredity The life cycle of an individual begins with the fusion of a sperm and ovum. The origin of every human life can be traced to a single cell called zygote. When a sperm unites with an ovum, zygote is produced. The genes, which are the carriers of distinctive traits are present both in the sperm and the ovum.

13. In the fertilized ovum, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, half of which are given by the father and the other half by the mother. While females have 23 pairs of XX chromosomes, males have 22 pairs of XX chromosomes plus two single chromosomes represented by X and Y. The X and Y are called as sex chromosomes.

14. Characteristics influenced significantly by genetic factors Physical characteristics Intellectual characteristics Emotional characteristics and disorders Height Memory Shyness Weight Intelligence Extraversion Obesity Age of language acquisition Emotionality Tone of voice Reading disability Neuroticism Blood pressure Mental retardation Schizophrenia Tooth decay Anxiety Athletic ability Firmness of handshake Activity level Age of death

15. Environment Environment covers the social, moral, economical, political, physical and intellectual factors, which influence the development of the individual from time to time.

16. Definition The environment is everything that affects the individual except his genes. - Boring, Langfield and Weld Environment covers all the outside factors that have acted on the individual, since he began life. - Woodworth

17. Types of Environment Intercellular Intrauterine External Physical Biological Psychosocial

18. Interaction between Heredity & Environment Influence of heredity and environment differs from one individual to another and from one human trait or condition to another. Heredity supplies the potential talent, while favourable environment brings it out. Heredity lays down the essential foundations, while environment can change these foundations for better or worse

19. Heredity provides the raw material from which a person is made. How the material is moulded, and what he becomes depends chiefly on the environment. Our inheritance prescribes the limits, beyond which it may not be possible for any individual to develop, however wholesome and stimulating the environment may be.

20. BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR: NERVOUS SYSTEM, NEURONS AND SYNAPSE

21. How we will behave in a particular situation depends upon the judgment of our brain. The sense impressions, which are received through the sense organs, do not bear any significance unless they are given a meaning by the nervous system. Learning also to a great extent is controlled by the nervous system. The proper growth and development of nerve tissues and nervous system as a whole helps in the task of proper intellectual development.

22. Any defect in the spinal cord or the brain seriously affects the intellectual growth. The emotional behaviour is also influenced by the nervous system, especially at the time of anger, fear and other emotional changes. The process of growth and development is also directly and indirectly controlled by the functioning of the nervous system. The personality of an individual is greatly influenced through the mechanism of the nervous system.

23. Human behaviour involves the body- mind interaction of the various bodily factors. The most important are: The sense organs, called receptors. The muscles and endocrine glands, called effectors. The nervous system known as the connecting or integrating mechanism

24. Psychology of Sensation

25. Receptors (Psychology of Sensation) Behaviour in all its forms and shapes has definitely a biological or physiological base. The behaviour is based on the various stimuli present in the external environment and lying within our body. The stimuli in the form of various sensory experiences are received by our sensory systems known as receptors.

26. External Receptors External receptors are those sensory mechanisms that help us make contact with the outer world, for example, eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. The specific receptor cells for receiving the external stimuli lie within these sensory systems.

27. Sense organs:

28. Internal Receptors

29. Sensation

30. Nursing Implication for sensory process Light Noise Loss of skin sensation Ventilation Taste

31. Muscular & Glandular controls of Behaviour

32. Effectors

33. Effectors are termed as the organs of responses. What is received through the sensory organs in the form of sensory input is responded through bodily reactions and motor activities carried out through muscles and glands, particularly the hormones secreted by the ductless glands, which are responsible for most of our behaviour patterns. The under activity or over activity of these glands, causes deficiency or excess of hormonal secretion. This affects the entire personality makeup of the individual

34. Muscles

35. Glands

36. Connectors Connectors or adjusters help in regulating, controlling or coordinating the activities of receptors and effectors. The ability to play a piano, drive a car or hit a tennis ball depends on muscle coordination. It is necessary for the body to provide messages to the muscles to coordinate. These messages are passed through specialized cells called „neurons‟

37. Neuron

38. A nerve cell with all its branches is called a neuron. These are the basic elements of the nervous system. A neuron has a nucleus, a cell body and a cell membrane to enclose the whole cell. There are tiny fibers extending out from the cell body called „dendrites‟. Their role is to receive messages through electrical impulses from the sense organs or adjacent neurons and carry them to the cell body.

39. The messages from the cell body further travel the length of a nerve fiber known as the axon. A group of axons, bundled together like parallel wires in an electrical cable, is referred to as a nerve. The axon (but certainly not all of them) is surrounded by a fatty covering called the „myelin sheath‟. It serves to increase the velocity, with which the electrical impulses travel through the axons.

40. Neural impulses Neurons are the receivers and transmitters of messages. These messages are always in the form of electrochemical impulses.

41. There is a fluid- filled space called the synapse between the axon of the neuron and the receiving dendrite of the next neuron. Enlargements of the axon endings of transmitting neurons called boutons, contain neurotransmitter chemicals, which are stored in small vesicles.

42. A nerve impulse reaching these boutons causes a neurotransmitter to be released into the synapse. With the help of the release of a neurotransmitter into the synapse, one neuron is capable of sending its message on to many other neurons. It makes it possible for a single neuron to receive messages from thousands of other neurons.

43. Synapse Information is transmitted through the body from one neuron to another. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse. The small space between the axon terminals of one neuron and the cell body or dendrites of another is called the synaptic cleft.

44. Neurons conducting impulses toward the synapse are called presynaptic neurons and those conducting impulses away are called postsynaptic neurons. A chemical, called a neurotransmitter is stored in the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron. An electrical impulse through the neuron causes the release of this neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

45. The neurotransmitter then diffuses across the synaptic cleft and combines with receptor sites that are situated on the cell membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. The cell body or dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron also contains a chemical inactivator that is specific to the neurotransmitter that has been released by the presynaptic neuron. When the synaptic transmission is complete, the chemical inactivation quickly inactivates the neurotransmitter to prevent unwanted continuous impulses

46. Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters play an essential function in the role of human emotion and behaviour. These are chemicals that convey information across synaptic cleft to neighbouring target cells. They are stored in small vesicles in the axon terminals of neurons. When electrical impulse reaches this point, the neurotransmitters are released from the vesicles.

47. They cross the synaptic cleft and bind with receptor sites on the cell body of dendrites of the adjacent neuron to allow the impulse to continue its course or to prevent the impulse from continuing. After the neurotransmitter has performed its function in the synapse, it either returns to the vesicles to be stored and used again or it is inactivated and dissolved by enzymes.

48. The process of being stored for reuse is called reuptake. Deficiency or an excess of a neurotransmitter can produce severe behavioural disorders.

49. NEUROTRANSMITTER FUNCTION Acetylecholine Regulate muscle movement & cognitive functioning Glutamate Helps in memory process GABA Moderates eating, aggression & sleeping Dopamine Regulates movements and co- ordination, emotions, voluntary decision making ability. Serotonin Regulates sleep, eating, mood & pain Endorphins Regulates pain & pleasurable feelings

50. Nervous System The nervous system is the master controlling, communicating and regulatory system in the body. Nervous system controls and coordinates all essential functions of the human body. It is the centre of all mental activity including thought, learning and memory. Together with the endocrine system, the nervous system is responsible for regulating and maintaining homeostasis.

51. Central Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS) consists of brain and the spinal cord, which act as the integrating and command centres of the nervous system. They interpret incoming sensory information and issue instructions based on past experience and current conditions. Brain is composed of three main divisions: the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.

52. Forebrain Its important structures are thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system and the cerebrum. All sensory impulses pass through from thalamus to the higher centers, therefore it is usually known as the relay station. In addition, the thalamus has some control over the autonomic nervous system and also plays a role in the control of sleep and alertness

53. Hypothalamus lies below the thalamus. It exerts a key influence on all kind of emotional as well as motivational behavior. Centers in the hypothalamus have control over the important body processes like eating, drinking, sleeping, temperature control and sex. It also has control over the activities of pituitary gland.

54. Limbic system consists of structures in the thalamus, hypothalamus and cerebrum, which form a ring around the lower part of the forebrain. Major structures within this system include the olfactory bulb, septal nuclei, hippocampus, amygdala and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex. The limbic system often called the emotional brain, functions in emotional aspects of behaviour related to survival, memory, smell, pleasure and pain, rage and aggression, affection, sexual desire etc.

55. Cerebrum is the most complex and largest part of the brain. The cerebrum is covered by a thick layer of tightly packed neurons called the cerebral cortex. It is divided into two hemispheres; the left and right hemispheres.

56. Right and Left Hemispheres, Association Cortex

57. Right and Left Hemispheres, Association Cortex Cerebral cortex is responsible for many higher order functions like language and information processing. The cerebral cortex is divided into sensory, motor and association areas

58. Sensory area receives sensory input. Motor area controls movement of muscles. Association area is involved with more complex functions such as writing. Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes; frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. The different parts of the cerebrum are connected with different mental functions.

59. Association Cortex Association cortex deals with more complex, integrative functions such as memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgment, personality traits and intelligence. The association areas are: Somatosensory association areas : It permits to determine the exact shape and texture of an object without looking at it. Visual association areas : It relates present to past, visual experiences with recognition and evaluation of what is seen. Auditory association areas : It determines if a sound is a speech, music or noise.

60. Right or Left Brain exercise

61. Try this!!!! GREEN YELLOW BLUE ORANGE WHITE RED GREEN BLUE ORANGE Read aloud, as quickly as possible, the colour in which the words are written but not the actual words. YELLOW WHITE GREEN RED BLUE WHITE GREEN ORANGE YELLOW ORANGE BLUE GREEN RED WHITE YELLOW RED BLUE YELLOW ORANGE RED WHITE BROWN WHITE

62. Midbrain Midbrain is concerned with the relaying of messages particularly those related to hearing and sight to higher brain centres. One of its important structures is known as reticular activating system (RAS). With the help of this structure an individual is able to decide as to which impulses should be registered consciously and, which should be rejected.

63. Hindbrain Hindbrain is composed of three structures the medulla, pons and cerebellum.

64. „Medulla‟ controls breathing and many important reflexes, such as those that help us to maintain our upright postures. It also regulates the highly complex processes like digestion, respiration and circulation.

65. The „pons‟ assist in breathing, transmitting impulses from the cerebellum to the higher brain regions and in coordinating the activities of both sides of the brain. „Cerebellum‟ is responsible for body balance and the coordination of body movements like dancing, typing, playing, etc.

66. Spinal Cord Spinal cord works as a channel of communication from and to the brain. It is a rope- like structure, made up of long round nerve fibers. It also works as an organ for effective reflex actions like withdrawal of the hand when something is hot. These reflex actions are almost automatic in nature.

67. Peripheral Nervous System Nerve tissues lying outside the bony case of the CNS come in the region of the peripheral nervous system.

68. It consists of a network of nerves, which helps in passing the sense impressions to the CNS as well as in conveying the orders of the CNS to the muscles. This peripheral nervous system is subdivided into two parts, the somatic system and the autonomic system.

69. The somatic system is both a sensory and a motor system. The autonomic system is only a motor system consisting of two divisions, the sympathetic and parasympathetic system. The sympathetic system is connected to the spinal cord and carries messages to the muscles and glands particularly in stress situations to prepare for an emergency.

70. The parasympathetic system is connected to the brain and to the lower portion of the spinal cord. It tends to be active when we are calm and relaxed. The messages conveyed by the nerve fibres of this system direct the organs to do just the opposite of what the sympathetic system had done. It directs the body organs to return to the normal state after the emergency has passed. The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system work in close co- ordination for maintaining the equilibrium of the body function.

71. Nature of Behaviour of an Organism, Integrated Responses

72. Sensory Millions of sensory receptors detect changes, called stimuli, which occur inside and outside the body. They monitor such things as temperature, light and sound from the external environment. Inside the body, the internal environment, receptors detect variations in pressure, pH, carbon dioxide concentration and the levels of various electrolytes. All of this gathered information is called sensory input.

73. Integrative Sensory input is converted into electrical signals called nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain. There the signals are brought together to create sensations, to produce thoughts or to add to memory. Decisions are made each moment based on sensory input. This is integration

74. Motor Based on the sensory input and integration the nervous system responds by sending signals to muscles, causing them to contract or to glands causing them to produce secretions. Muscles and glands are called effectors, because they cause an effect in response to detections from the nervous system. This is the motor output or motor function.

75. The cerebral cortex has primary areas, which control the incoming sensory stimuli and the outgoing motor responses. An individual is able to adjust himself effectively to the environment, because the various nerve impulses are systematically integrated by the brain.

76. There are millions of nerve fibers, which connect the various neurons of the brain. The connecting nerve fibers are known as „associate fibers‟. The associate fibers are the foundations of memory, language, reasoning and other higher mental processes. There is great coordination between the various parts of the brain.

77. Autonomic nervous system is autonomous and works independent of voluntary control. It is made up of nerves connecting with the glands and smooth muscles, which are involved in respiration, circulation and digestion. These processes go on automatically without our knowledge. The system operates actively during emotional states. When we are well, physical and mental activities are integrated

78. he a Importance of knowledge of t Nervous System and Glands to Nurse To understand the physiological basis of patient behaviour. To understand how glandular secretions influence personality. To understand the various diseases of nervous system and glands and their effect on human behaviour.