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1. What Is Psychology? Chapter 1

2. What is psychology? The discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism ’ s physical state, mental state, and external environment Represented by the Greek letter  ( “ psi ” ) Empirical Relying on evidence gathered by careful observation, experimentation, and measurement

3. Which is correct? Unhappy memories can be “ repressed ” and then accurately recalled years later, as if they had been recorded on a videotape . True False

4. Which is correct? Most women suffer from PMS . True False

5. Which is correct? People only use 10% of their brains. True False

6. Which is correct? Playing Beethoven to an infant will make the child become smarter . True False

7. Pseudopsychology Can you distinguish between psychobabble and empirical psychology ? There is a difference between beliefs promoted in the popular culture and findings that have been scientifically supported . Critical thinking involves analyzing and evaluating information and applying it to other situations.

8. Psychology’s Beginnings

9. Forerunners of modern psychology Phrenology – Greek for “ study of the mind. ”

10. Birth of modern psychology In 1879, the first psychological laboratory was officially established in Leipzig, Germany by Wilhelm Wundt . Trained Introspection Method by which individuals were taught to carefully observe, analyze, and describe their own experiences

11. Functionalism Early approach that emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness Inspired by evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin and the inquiry into how people and animals adapt to their environments

12. Psychoanalysis A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud Emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts

13. Major psychological perspectives Biological perspective Learning perspective Cognitive perspective Sociocultural perspective Psychodynamic perspective Humanistic perspective

14. The biological perspective Psychological approach that focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts This perspective involves Hormones Brain chemistry Genes Evolutionary influences

15. The learning perspective Psychological approach that is concerned with how the environment and experience affect a person ’ s (or nonhuman animal ’ s) actions This perspective involves Behaviorists Social-cognitive learning theorists

16. The cognitive perspective Psychological approach that emphasizes what goes on in people ’ s heads Focuses on inferring mental processes from observable behaviors 90/10 Rule

17. The sociocultural perspective Psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural forces outside the individual that shape various aspects of behavior

18. The psychodynamic perspective Psychological approach that emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual energy This perspective is rooted in Freud ’ s psychoanalysis and has evolved into several different variations.

19. The humanistic perspective Behavior stems from your choices and free will.

20. Your turn The psychological perspective that emphasizes the deep, internal causes of people ’ s behavior is : 1. Biological perspective 2. Learning perspective 3. Cognitive perspective 4. Psychodynamic perspective 5. Sociocultural perspective 6. Humanistic perspective

21. What Psychologists Do

22. Academic/research psychologists Teach and conduct research in areas of basic or applied psychology Examples of areas of exploration: Health Education Child development Industrial/organizational psychologists Sensation and perception

23. Psychology Practice Counseling psychologists help people deal with problems associated with everyday life . School psychologists work with parents, teachers, and students to enhance student performance and help deal with emotional difficulties . Clinical psychologists diagnose, treat, and study mental or emotional problems of those with severe disturbances.

24. What do you know? One major difference between a psychiatrist and a clinical psychologist is that a psychiatrist can prescribe medication to treat mental disorders, while (in most states) a clinical psychologist cannot . True False

25. Psychology in the Community There are many areas where psychologists contribute to the community : Worker satisfaction Improving racial and ethnic relations Advising on pollution and noise Rehabilitation services Advise judges and juries Suicide prevention Advocating for the training and care of animals Improving coaches ’ techniques for working with athletes

26. Critical and Scientific Thinking in Psychology

27. Critical Thinking in Psychology Critical thinking The ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons rather than emotion and anecdote

28. Critical thinking guidelines Ask questions; be willing to wonder Define your terms Examine the evidence Analyze assumptions and biases Avoid emotional reasoning Don ’ t oversimplify Consider other interpretations Tolerate uncertainty

29. Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts

30. Selecting participants Representative sample A group of randomly chosen participants that accurately represents the larger population that the researcher is interested in

31. Descriptive methods Methods that yield descriptions of behavior, but not necessarily causal explanations Include Case studies Observational studies Psychological tests Surveys

32. Case studies A case study is a detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated. Most commonly used by clinicians, but occasionally used by academic researchers

33. Observational studies Researchers carefully and systematically observe and record behavior without interfering with behavior. Naturalistic observation Purpose is to observe how people or animals behave in their natural environments. Laboratory observation Purpose is to observe how people or animals behave in a more controlled setting.

34. Surveys Questionnaires and interviews that ask people about experiences, attitudes, or opinions Requires attention to proper sampling procedures Popular polls and surveys rely on volunteers

35. Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships

36. Correlational study A descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between two phenomena Correlation A numerical measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between two things

37. What do you think? Correlation means causation . True False

38. The Experiment: Hunting for Causes

39. An experiment A controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another Informed consent Human research subjects must participate voluntarily, and must know enough about a study to make an intelligent decision about whether to participate.

40. Is driving while using a cell phone a good idea ?

41. Experimental variables Independent variable A variable the experimenter manipulates Dependent variables A variable that is affected by the independent variable ; what is measured

42. Independent and dependent variables When psychologists set up an experiment, they think, “ If I do X, then my participants will do Y. ” The “ X ” represents the independent variable. The “ Y ” represents the dependent variable.

43. Your turn An experimenter wants to study the effects of music on studying. She has some students study while listening to music and others study in silence, and then compares their test scores. What is the independent variable in this experiment? 1. The students 2. The presence of music while studying 3. The kind of music 4. The test scores

44. Control condition In an experiment, a comparison condition in which subjects are not exposed to the same treatment as are those in the experimental condition In some experiments, the control group is given a placebo, an inactive substance or fake treatment.