1st order transient circuit

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About This Presentation

1st order transient circuit


Slide Content

EL2093
MTH
Rangkaian Orde Satu
Bab7
1

EL2093
MTHTransient
•Terjadi bila sistem dengan energi potersial mapan
mengalami gangguan dan mencari kesetimbangan baru
•Contoh, dua tanki dihubungkan dengan keran yang
dibuka pada t=0
•Apa yang menentukan kecepatanaliran?
2
h
1(t)
h
2(t)

EL2093
MTHTransient
•Kapasitor yang mempunyai beda potensial V, pada t=0
dihubungkan ke resistor
3
•t=0
•muatan Q = Cv
•arus i = v/R
•arus i mengurangi Q
•kapasitansi tetap C
•arus i menurunkan v
•turunnya v menurunkan
arus i
•Arus i dan tegangan v turun
•Perubahan arus i dan v mengecil sejalan dengan waktu

EL2093
MTHTransient
•Perhatikan rangkaian berikut
•Dari rangkaian diketahui juga
•Dengan demikian
atau sehingga
4
v(t)
Q(t)=Cv(t)
i
R(t)=v(t)/R
R
C
1
i
R(t)
+
-
i
C(t)
i
C(t)=-i
R(t)
i
C(t)=-v(t)/R
i
C(t)=dQ(t)/dtv(t)=Q(t)/C
dQ/dt=-Q(t)/CR
v(t) = V
0exp(-t/CR)
Cdv/dt=-Cv/CR
dv/dt=-v/CR

EL2093
MTHTransient
•Solusi
pada t=0
pada t=∞
5
v(t)
Q(t)=Cv(t)
R
C
1
i
R(t)
+
-
i
C(t)
v(t) = v
0exp(-t/CR)
v(0) = v
0
v(∞) = 0

EL2093
MTHTransient
•Bagaimana dengan rangkaian berikut v
C(0+)=V
0
6
v
C(t)
v
S
Q(t)
R
C
i
R(t)
i
R(t)=v
R(t)/R
i
C(t)=-i
R(t)
i
C(t)=-(v
C(t)-V
S)/R
i
C(t)=dQ(t)/dt v
C(t)=Q(t)/C
dQ/dt=-Q(t)/CR + V
S/R
i
R(t)=(v
C(t)-V
S)/R
Cd(v
C(t)) /dt=-Cv
C(t) /CR + V
S/R
d(v
C(t)) /dt=-v
C(t) /CR + V
S/CR

EL2093
MTHTransient
•Dari hasil sebelumnya
•Solusi
pada t=0
pada t=∞
7
d(v
C(t)) /dt –dV
S/dt =(-v
C(t)-V
S)/CR
d(v
C(t)) /dt=-v
C(t) /CR + V
S/CR
d(v
C(t)-V
S) /dt =-(V
S-v
C(t))/CR
v
C(t)-V
S= (v
C(0)-V
S) exp(-t/CR)
v
C(t)= (V
0-V
S) exp(-t/CR)-V
S
v
C(0)= V
0
v
C(∞)= V
S

EL2093
MTHTransient
•Bentuk Solusi
8
R
C
+
-
V
S
R
C
v(t)
v(t)=V
0exp(-t/CR) v(t)=(V
0 -V
S)exp(-t/CR)+V
S
v(t)=(V
0-0)exp(-t/CR)+0
+
-
v(t)
pada t=0 awal perubahan
pada t=∞ akhir perubahan
fungsi transisi exp(-t/CR)
v(0)= V
0
v(∞)= 0
v(0)= V
0
v(∞)= V
S
v(0
+
)=V
0

EL2093
MTHTransient
•Bagaimana dengan rangkaian berikut
•Arus mengalir bila tegangan v
1≠v
2
•Muatan DQkeluar C
1sama dengan DQ diterima C
2
9
v
1(t) v
2(t)
Q
1(t) Q
2(t)
R
C
1 C
2
i
R(t)

EL2093
MTHTransient
•Susun ulang ekivalennya
•Bentuk solusi dapat dipastikan
•Pertanyaannya V
awaldan V
akhir
10
v
1(t)
v
2(t)
Q
1(t)
Q
2(t)
R
C
1
C
2
i
R(t)
+
-
+
-
v(t)
Q(t)
R
C
i
R(t)
+
-
v(t)=(V
awal-V
akhir)exp(-t/CR)+V
akhir

EL2093
MTHAnalisis Transient (Orde 1)
•Persamaan diferensial orde saru
–dari persamaan muatan
–dari KCL
•Solusi langsung persamaan tiga
–Tegangan awal
–Tegangan akhir
–Konstanta waktu
•Transformasi Laplace
11

EL2093
MTHTransient Tanpa Sumber
Untuk rangkaian RC tanpa sumber solusi berbentuk:
12
1.Tegangan awal kapasitorv(0) = V
0.
2.Konstanta waktu= RC. /
0)(
t
eVtv

 CR
dimana

EL2093
MTHContoh
Example 1
Refer to the circuit below, determine v
C, v
x, and i
ofor t≥
0.
Assume that v
C(0) = 30 V.
13
•Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration.
Answer: v
C = 30e
–0.25t
V; v
x = 10e
–0.25t
; i
o = –2.5e
–0.25t
A

EL2093
MTHContoh
Example 2
The switch in circuit below is opened at t = 0, find v(t)
for t ≥ 0.
14
•Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration.
Answer: V(t) = 8e
–2t
V

EL2093
MTHRangkaian RL Tanpa Sumber
•A first-order RL circuitconsists of a inductor L (or its
equivalent) and a resistor (or its equivalent)
150 
RLvv
By KVL0 iR
dt
di
L
I-V induktor Hukum Ohmdt
L
R
i
di
 LtR
eIti
/
0 )(

EL2093
MTHRangkaian RL Tanpa Sumber
16

/
0)(
t
eIti R
L

Bentuk umum solusi RL tanpa
sumber
dimana

EL2093
MTHRangkaian RL Tanpa Sumber
17

/
0)(
t
eIti R
L

RL tanpa sumber
dimana/
0)(
t
eVtv

 RC
RC tanpa sumber
dimana
Perbandingan rangkaian RL dan RC tanpa sumber

EL2093
MTHRangkaian RL Tanpa Sumber
Bentuk solusi rangkaian RL tanpa sumber:
18
1.Arus awal induktor i(0) = I
0.
2.Konstanta waktu = L/R. /
0)(
t
eIti

 R
L

dimana

EL2093
MTHKonstanta Waktu
•Menyatakan waktu perpindahan energi
•Faktor menentukan
–Jumlah energi
–Laju perpindahan
19

EL2093
MTHKonstanta Waktu (1)
•Kapasitor: energi W=½
CV
2
–di simpan dalam medan
listrik –polaritas muatan
–sebanding dengan
kapasitasi: semakin besar
kapasitansi semakin besar
energi tersimpan
–lama perpindahan
sebanding dengan
kapasitansi
•Induktor: energi
W=½ LI
2
–di simpan dalam medan
magnit –fluks magnit
–sebanding dengan
induktansi: semakin besar
kapasitansi semakin besar
energi tersimpan
–lama perpindahan
sebanding dengan
induktansi
20

EL2093
MTHKonstanta Waktu (2)
•Kapasitor:
–besaran energi berubah bila bila muatan listrik
berubah
–arus sebanding dengan perubahan muatan (i=dq/dt):
semakin besar arus semakin cepat besaran energi
berubah
–arus berbanding terbalik dengan resistansi (i=V/R):
perubahan muatan cepat untuk arus besar atau
resistansi kecil
–konstanta waktu kecil (cepat) bila resistansi kecil atau
konstanta waktu sebanding dengan resistansi
21

EL2093
MTHKonstanta Waktu (3)
•Induktor:
–besaran energi berubah bila bila fluks magnet
berubah
–tegangan sebanding dengan perubahan fluks
(v=df/dt): semakin besar tegangan semakin cepat
besaran energi berubah
–Tegangan sebanding dengan resistansi (v=iR):
perubahan fluks cepat untuk tegangan besar atau
resistansi besar
–konstanta waktu kecil (cepat) bila resistansi besar
atau konstanta waktu berbanding terbalik dengan
resistansi
22

EL2093
MTHKonstanta Waktu (4)
RC
•Jumlah energi
–W sebanding C
–sebanding C
•Laju perubahan
–berbanding terbalik DQ
–DQ sebanding i
–i berbanding terbalik R
–sebanding R
•Konstanta Waktu: CR
RL
•Jumlah energi
–W sebanding L
–sebanding L
•Laju perubahan
–berbanding terbalik Df
–Dfsebanding v
–v sebanding R
–berbanding terbalik R
•Kontanta waktu: L/R
23

EL2093
MTHContoh
Example 3
Find i and v
xin the circuit.
Assume that i(0) = 5 A.
24
•Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration.
Answer: i(t) = 5e
–53t
A

EL2093
MTHContoh
Example 4
For the circuit, find i(t) for t > 0.
25
•Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration.
Answer: i(t) = 2e
–2t
A

EL2093
MTH7.3 Unit-Step Function (1)
•Theunitstepfunctionu(t)is0fornegativevaluesof
tand1forpositivevaluesoft.
26





0,1
0,0
)(
t
t
tu 





o
o
o
tt
tt
ttu
,1
,0
)( 





o
o
o
tt
tt
ttu
,1
,0
)(

EL2093
MTH7.3 Unit-Step Function (2)
1.voltage source.
2.for current source:
27
Represent an abrupt change for:

EL2093
MTH
7.4 The Step-Response
of a RC Circuit (1)
•The step responseof a circuit is its behavior when the excitation
is the step function, which may be a voltage or a current source.
28
•Initial condition:
v(0-) = v(0+) = V
0
•Applying KCL,
or
•Where u(t) is the unit-step function0
)(



R
tuVv
dt
dv
c
s )(tu
RC
Vv
dt
dv
s



EL2093
MTH
7.4 The Step-Response
of a RC Circuit (2)
•Integrating both sides and considering the initial
conditions, the solution of the equation is:
29






0)(
0
)(
/
0
0
teVVV
tV
tv
t
ss

Final value
at t -> ∞
Initial value
at t = 0
Source-free
Response
Complete Response = Natural response + Forced Response
(stored energy) (independent source)
= V
0e
–t/τ
+ V
s(1–e
–t/τ
)

EL2093
MTH
7.4 The Step-Response
of a RC Circuit (3)
Three stepsto find out the step response of an
RC circuit:
30
1.The initial capacitor voltagev(0).
2.The final capacitor voltagev() —DC
voltage across C.
3.The time constant./
)]( )0( [ )( )(
t
evvvtv


Note: The above method is a short-cut method.You may also
determine the solution by setting up the circuit formula directly
using KCL, KVL , ohms law, capacitor and inductor VI laws.

EL2093
MTH
7.4 The Step-Response
of a RC Circuit (4)
Example 5
Find v(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in below. Assume the
switch has been open for a long time and is closed at t
= 0.
Calculate v(t) at t = 0.5.
31
•Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration.
Answer: and v(0.5) = 0.5182V515)(
2

t
etv

EL2093
MTH
7.5 The Step-response
of a RL Circuit (1)
•The step responseof a circuit is its behavior when the excitation
is the step function,which may be a voltage or a current source.
32
•Initial current
i(0-) = i(0+) = I
o
•Final inductor current
i(∞) = Vs/R
•Time constant = L/R)()()( tue
R
V
I
R
V
ti
t
s
o
s 



EL2093
MTH
7.5 The Step-Response
of a RL Circuit (2)
Three stepsto find out the step response of an
RL circuit:
33
1.The initial inductor currenti(0) at t = 0+.
2.The final inductor currenti().
3.The time constant.
Note: The above method is a short-cut method.You may also
determine the solution by setting up the circuit formula directly
using KCL, KVL , ohms law, capacitor and inductor VI laws./
)]( )0( [ )( )(
t
eiiiti



EL2093
MTH
7.5 The Step-Response
of a RL Circuit (4)
Example 6
The switch in the circuit shown below has been closed
for a long time. It opens at t = 0.
Find i(t) for t > 0.
34
•Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration.
Answer:t
eti
10
2)(

