2. Biomedical waste management......Dr sana Kauser Pathology.pdf

medicaI Waste

1. BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
A brief for Medicos

2. •Waste produced in the health
care sector can prove highly
hazardous. If not treated,
these biomedical wastes can
contribute to the rapid spread
of infections and diseases.
•This presentation aims to
throw light on the effects of
biomedical waste on humans
and the various treatment
methods employed for its safe
disposal.

3. BIO-MEDICAL WASTE (BMW)
•Biomedical waste is any waste containing infectious or potentially
infectious materials.
•These wastes are generated during the diagnosis, treatment, and
immunization of human beings and animals in research activities.
OR
•Any waste generated during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunisation of human beings and Animals in Research activities
pertaining there to or in the production or testing of biological or in
health camps and the categories mentioned in Schedule-I of the Bio-
Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016.

4. Biomedical wastes are distinct from regular garbage and require particular
disposal and treatment.
Biomedical wastes can be in both solid and liquid forms.
Examples of biomedical wastes include:
•Waste sharps such as needles, lancets, syringes, scalpels, and broken glass
•Human tissues or identifiable body parts (as a result of amputation)
•Animal tissues and waste from veterinary hospitals
•Used bandage, dressings, gloves, and other medical supplies
•Liquid waste from infected areas
•Laboratory wastes

5. TYPES OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE:
The World Health Organization (WHO) has categorized biomedical waste into 8
categories. They are:
1.Infectious Waste – Any biomedical waste that is infectious or contaminated.
2.Sharps – Sharps objects like needles, scalpels, broken glass, and razors.
3.Pathological Waste – Body parts of humans or animals, including tissues,
fluids, or blood.
4.Pharmaceutical Waste – Unused drugs, medicine, or creams that are expiring.
5.Genotoxic Waste – Toxic drugs and hazardous toxic waste
6.Radioactive Waste – Any waste containing potentially radioactive materials
7.Chemical Waste – Liquid waste from machines, batteries, and disinfectants is
chemical.
8.General/Other Waste – All other non-hazardous waste.

6. COLOR CODED BINS ACCORDING TO CPBC
Further, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPBC) has designated separate
colour-coded bins to dispose of biomedical wastes as per their nature.

The wastes in each of the bins have different treatment and disposal methods.
֍Yellow Bin: For anatomical waste, chemical waste, soiled waste,
chemotherapy waste, discarded linen and medicines, and laboratory waste.
֍Red Bin: For contaminated plastic wastes
֍Blue Bin: For glass waste and metallic implants
֍Black Bin: For hazardous and other waste

7. Categorization & Classification of Wastes in
Health Care Facilities

9. •The Central Pollution Control Board (CPBC) has
issued guidelines on biomedical waste disposal.
•As per the guidelines, the biomedical wastes are
collected in yellow bags. The bags are then taken to
Common Biomedical Waste Treatment Facility
(CBWTF) or a waste-to-energy plant.
•There they are incinerated, autoclaved, or burnt to
produce energy.
•Currently, there are around 200 authorized common
biomedical waste treatment and disposal facilities in
28 states of India for the safe disposal of biomedical
waste.

10. •Hospitals
•Nursing Homes
•Clinics
•Dispensaries
•Veterinary Institutions
•Animal Houses
•Pathological Laboratories
•Blood Banks
•Research Labs
•Ayush Hospitals
•Clinical Establishments
•Research or Educational
Institutions
•Health Camps
•Medical or Surgical Camps
•Vaccination Camps
•Blood Donation Camps
•First Aid Rooms of Schools
•Forensic Laboratories

NEW BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES 2016
In June 2015, the Working Group of the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate
Change released the draft of New Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules 2016. These
rules are followed in the country for the segregation of biomedical waste.
These rules are applicable for:

11. PERMISSIONS REQUIRED FROM SPCB
Consent to Establish (CTE):
Under The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 & The
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
Consent to Operate (CTO):
Under The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 & The
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
Authorization:
Under The Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016.

12. EFFECTS OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE
Exposure to hazardous biomedical waste can cause disease or injury to human
health. HIV, hepatitis B, and C are the three most commonly spread viruses
worldwide due to improper treatment of medical wastes. They are transmitted
through injuries from contaminated syringes and needles.
Doctors, nurses, and sanitation workers are amongst the most vulnerable to the
harmful effects of biomedical waste.
At a time of rapid emergence of new strains of the novel coronavirus, the
importance of appropriate treatment of medical wastes cannot be more
emphasized.

13. TECHNOLOGIES
The various technologies that can be used for treatment include:
•Incineration
•Chemical Disinfection
•Wet Thermal Treatment
•Microwave Irradiation
•Land Disposal
•Inertization

14. BMW DISPOSAL
Only through CBWTF except in exceptional cases like remote
location.
No occupier shall establish on-site treatment and disposal
facility, if a CBWTF is available at a distance of 75 kilometre.
Annual report to be submitted in Form – IV to JSPCB before
30
th
June every year from January to December of the
preceding year.
Authorities to oversee implementation – committee headed by
the Secretary Health and JSPCB.

15. ROLE OF HEALTH CARE FACILITY
Make a provision within the premises for a safe, ventilated and secured location
for storage of segregated BMW in colour coded bags as per SCHEDULE – I of
the BMW Rules, 2016. without any adverse effect to human health and the
environment.
To pre-treat the laboratory waste, microbiological waste, blood samples and blood
bags through disinfection or sterilisation on-site as per WHO guidelines on Safe
management of wastes from health care activities and WHO Blue Book, 2014 and
then sent to the CBWTF for final disposal.
To phase out use of chlorinated plastic bags and gloves by 27.03.2019.
Disposal of other solid waste in accordance with the provisions of respective waste
management rules .
Not to mix bio-medical waste with municipal solid waste and dispose of solid
waste.
Provide training to all its health care workers and others, involved in handling of
bio medical waste.

16. ROLE OF HEALTH CARE FACILITY
•Immunise all its health care workers and others, involved in handling of bio-
medical waste.
•Establish a Bar- Code System for bags or containers containing bio-medical waste
to be sent out of the premises or place for any purpose.
•Ensure segregation of liquid chemical waste at source and ensure pre-treatment or
neutralisation prior to mixing with other effluent.
•Ensure treatment and disposal of liquid waste in accordance with the Water
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
•Ensure occupational safety by providing appropriate and adequate personal
protective equipment.
•Conduct health check up at the time of induction and at least once in a year and
maintain the records for the same.

17. ROLE OF HEALTH CARE FACILITY
•Maintain and update on day to day basis the bio-medical waste management
register and display monthly record on its website.
•Report major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts during
handling of biomedical waste and the remedial action taken.
•Make available the annual report on its website by 15.03.2020.
•Inform the prescribed authority immediately in case the operator of a facility
does not collect the bio-medical waste within the intended time or as per the
agreed time.
•Establish a system to review and monitor the activities related to bio-medical
waste management.
•Maintain all record for operation of incineration, hydro or autoclaving etc., for a
period of five years.

18. PENALTY FOR NON COMPLYING HEALTH CARE FACILITIES (HCF’S)
Penalty under The Environment Protection Act, 1986
As per Section-15, sub-section-1
As per Section-15, sub-section-2

Environmental Compensation
As per Hon’ble NGT Order