2- Parasite Effect On Host.pdf dwqd feecc

2- Parasite Effect On Host.pdf dwqd feecc

1. Effectsof parasites on theirhosts
and theireconomicimportance

3. Toxoplasmosis
•Toxoplasma gondii, an obligatory intracellular
protozoan parasite
•Cats act as final hosts
–Infection during pregnancy
•Abortion or congenital infection with
retinitis/hydrocephalus
–During immunosuppression (Cancer patients,
transplant patients, AIDS patients)
•Fatal encephalitis
–Public health importance
–Animal health importance
•Economic losses due to abortion

4. Neosporosis
•Neospora caninum
–Dogs are final hosts
–Bovines are intermediate hosts
•A protozoan parasite of huge economic
importance because of:
–Induction of abortion in bovines
–Bovine populations > 60million in Pakistan
•About 50% seroprevalence
•About 20% of seropositive can suffer abortion
•Losses could be in billions of dollars annually

6. Haemonchosis
•Haemonchus contortus, an abomasal
nematode of sheep
•Feeds on sheep blood (50µL/parasite/day)
•Severe anaemia, morbidity and mortality
•With huge economic losses
•Problem of drug resistance
•Difficult to treat & control because of drug
resistance

8. Fasciolosis
•Fasciola hepatica, liver-fluke
–Immature flukes in liver parenchyma
•During migration, may cause liver damage &
haemorrhage, honeycombed liver
–Adults in the bile duct
•have haematophagic activity & cause damage to biliary
mucosa by cuticular spines
–Weight loss, anaemia & hypoproteinaemia
–Widespread morbidity & mortality in sheep &
cattle
–Causing huge economic losses

10. Mange
•A disease of skin caused by mites in
–animals
–human beings
•Zoonotic problem
•Destroy skin and wool
•Nuisance, irritation, poor feed efficiency, loss
of production
•Weakness
•Expose to other opportunistic infections

12. Tick infestation
•Ectoparasites, arachnids
•Direct harmful effects:
–Destroy skin
–Loss of blood because they feed on blood
–Loss of production (milk, meat)
•Indirect harmful effects:
–Expose hosts to other opportunistic infections
–Transmit number of infectious agents like Babesia,
Theileria, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia

14. Theileriosis
•Theileria parva & Theileria annulata
•Haemoparasite
•Infects lymphocytes & RBCs
•Anorexia, weakness, lymph adenopathy & loss
of production
•Morbidity & mortality with huge economic
losses in cattle, sheep & goats

15. Effectsof parasites on theirhosts
•Depend on number of factors related to host
& parasite
•Host:
–Production animals
(Bovine/Ovine/Caprine/Poultry)
–Working animals (Equines)
–Pet animals/pleasure animals (Equines, Canine,
Felines, Birds)
–Wild animals/ Zoo animals

16. Production animals
•Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat, poultry
•Production of milk, meat, eggs, wool& hides
–Manyparasites infect them
–Everyparasite has
•Differenteffectson theseanimalsbecauseof:
–Itspredilectionsite in the host
–The vitalityof the organbeinginfectedby parasite
•Economiclossesare in termsof:
•Lossof milkproduction
•Lossof meatproduction
•Lossof eggproduction
•Lossof woolproduction
•Lossof hides

17. Workingand pet animals
•Horses, mules, donkeys
–Used in
•Transportation, earning livelihood
•Economic losses are in terms of:
•Loss of livelihood
•Increased poverty
•Race Horses, Dogs, Cats, Birds
–Kept
•As pets, for pleasure, companionship
•Many of them suffer morbidity and mortality because
of parasitic infections

18. Effects of parasites on their hosts
•Depend on number of factors related to host
& parasite
•Parasite:
–Species
–Prepatent site in the host
•Organs like brain, eye, lungs, liver, kidneys, intestines
–Life cycle: direct or indirect
–Intermediate host: one or two or none
–Diagnosis
–Treatment
–Vaccination

19. Prepatentsites of parasites in the
host
CNS
Brain/spinal cord
Nervous signs
Encephalitis
Paralysis
Blood circulatory system
Vasculitis
Myoarditis
Respiratory system
Rhinitis
Bronchitis
Pneumonia
GIT
Indigestion
Gastritis
Enteritis
Diarrhoea
Hepatitis
Urogenital tract
Nephritis
Endometritis
Vaginitis
Infertility
Abortion
Toxoplasmosis
Gid
Piroplasmosis
Schistosomosis
Dirofilariasis
Oestrus ovis
Lung worm
Paramphistomosis
Haemonchosis
Ostertagiosis
Ascariasis
Nematodiriasis
Giardiasis
Amoebiasis
Fasciolosis
Stephanurus
Trichomonosis
Dourine
Neosporosis

20. Types of parasites
Protozoans
Nematodes
Cestodes
Trematodes
Insects
Arachnids
Neospora
Theileria
Babesia
Toxoplasma
Eimeria spp.
Trichomonas
Trypanosomes
(Roundworms)
Haemonchus
Ostertagia
Ascaris
Toxocara
Enterobius
(Tapeworms)
Echinococcus
Taenia
Moneizia
Diphyllobothrium
(Flukes)
Fasciola
Paramphistomum
Schistosoma
Dicroceolium
Flies
Fleas
Lice
Bugs
Ticks
Mites