2-Properties of Materials.pdf

building material

1. Lecturer:
Dr. Aryanfar H. Sherwani
Department of Civil Engineering
February 2023
Properties of Materials
Departmentt of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Soran University
Dr. Aryanfar H. Sherwani 1

2. Introduction
•Inthegeneralenvironmentforhumans’survival,allthe
materialsorproductsusedinstructuresorbuildingsare
calledbuilding materials whicharethematerial
foundationforalltheconstructionengineering.
2Dr. Aryanfar H. Sherwani

3. Introduction
•Civilandconstructionengineersareresponsibleforthe
selection,specification,andqualitycontrolofmaterials
tobeusedinajob.Thesematerialsmustmeetcertain
classesofcriteriaormaterialsproperties.Theseclasses
ofcriteriainclude:
•Economic factors.
•Mechanical properties.
•Non mechanical properties.
•Production/construction considerations.
•Aesthetic properties.
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4. Introduction
•Thereisawidevarietyofbuildingmaterials.Theyare
usuallyclassifiedfromdifferentanglesforthesakeof
study,applicationanddescription.Themostcommon
classificationsarebasedontheirchemicalcomponents
andfunctions.
1)Accordingtothechemicalcomponentsofbuilding
materials,theycanbeclassifiedintoinorganicmaterials,
organicmaterialsandcompositematerials.
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5. Introduction
2)Accordingtothefunctionsofmaterials,theycanbe
dividedintostructuralmaterialsandfunctionalmaterials:
I.Structural Materials: mainlyusedasload-bearing
members,suchasthematerialsusedforbeams,plates
andcolumns.
II.Functional Materials: mainlypossessingsomespecial
functionsinconstruction,suchaswaterproof,
ornamentalandheat-insulatingfunctions,etc..
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6. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
The Physical Properties of Materials
1. Density (
is the mass of a unit volume of homogeneous material denoted by:
?
(g/
7
)
where: M = is the dry mass (g)
V = is the volume under absolute compact conditions(
7
)Density of some building materials is as follows:
Material Density (g/cm
3
)
Brick 2.5–2.7
Granite 2.6–2.9
Portland cement3.0–3.2
Wood 1.5–1.6
Steel 7.8–7.9
6Dr. Aryanfar H. Sherwani

7. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
The Physical Properties of Materials
1.Density (
The volume under absolute compact conditions refers to
the solid volume without the volume of inner pores.
Except steel, glass, asphalt and a few other materials,
most materials contain some pores in natural state.
7Dr. Aryanfar H. Sherwani

8. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
The Physical Properties of Materials
1. Density (
2. Apparent Density (
??????
)
Apparent density is the dry mass per unit volume of a substance under natural
conditions. It is defined by:
4
Z
,
(Kg/
7
)
where: M = mass under dry conditions (Kg)
?
= volume of specimen in its natural state
7
)
Material Apparent density (kg/m
3
)
Brick 1500–1800
Granite 2500–2850
wood 400–800
Steel 7850
8Dr. Aryanfar H. Sherwani

9. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
The Physical Properties of Materials
1. Density (
2. Apparent Density (
??????
)
3. Bulk Density (

˴
)
is the dry mass per unit volume of a substance under the conditions that powdery
or granular materials are packed. It is defined by:

˴
?
˴
(Kg/
7
)
where: M = mass under dry conditions (Kg)
˴
= volume under packing conditions
7
)
9Dr. Aryanfar H. Sherwani

10. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
The Physical Properties of Materials
3. Bulk Density (

˴
)
Formostmaterials,bulkdensityislessthandensitybutforliquids
andmaterialslikeglassanddensestonematerials,theseparameters
arepracticallythesame.Propertieslikestrengthandheat
conductivityaregreatlyaffectedbytheirbulkdensity.Bulk
densitiesofsomeofthebuildingmaterialsareasfollows:
Material Bulk density (kg/m
3
)
Gravel 1400–1700
Sand 1450–1700
Cement 1300–1700
10Dr. Aryanfar H. Sherwani

11. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
The Physical Properties of Materials
3. Bulk Density (

˴
)
•Bulk density is measure by volumetric container. The size of
volumetric container depends on the size of particles. For
example, 1L volumetric container is used to measure sand and
I0L, 20L, 30L volumetric containers are used in the
measurement of stone.
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12. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
The Physical Properties of Materials
4.Porosity
Porosity (P) is the percentage of the pores volume to the total volume of a
substance. It is defined by
?
?
?

* 100
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13. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
The Physical Properties of Materials
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14. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
The Physical Properties of Materials
5. Water Absorption
Is the ability of the material to absorb and retain water. It is expressed
as percentage in weight or of the volume of dry material:
?
-
??
?
* 100
5
= mass of saturated material (g)
M = mass of dry material (g)
6. Weathering Resistance is the ability of a material to endure alternate wet and
dry conditions for a long period without considerable deformation and loss of
mechanical strength.
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15. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
The Physical Properties of Materials
10. Thermal Expansion Practically all materials expand as
temperature increases and contract as temperature falls.
11. Fire Resistance is the ability of a material to resist the action of
high temperature without any considerable deformation and
substantial loss of strength.
12.Chemical resistance is the ability of a material to withstand the
action of acids, alkalis, seawater and gases.
13.Durabilityis the ability of a material to resist the combined
effects of atmospheric and other factors.
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16. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
The mechanical behavior of materials is the response of the material to
external loads.
All materials deform in response to loads; however, the specific response of a
material depends on its properties, the magnitude and type of load, and the
geometryof the element.
The important mechanical properties considered for building materials are:
strength, compressive, tensile, bending, impact, hardness, plasticity, elasticity
and abrasion resistance.
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17. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
1.Strength of Materials

.
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18. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
2. Stress-Strain relations
•

|P
P
2
2 2 2
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19. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
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Mechanical Properties of Materials
Typical tensile stress–strain curves for some
structural materials.
Definitions of tensile and shear stress and strain

20. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
3. Elastic behavior

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21. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
3. Elastic behavior
The elastic modulus is a measure of the ability to resist deformation. The
bigger E is, means more resistance against deformation.

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22. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
3. Elastic behavior
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23. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
3. Elastic behavior


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24. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
3. Elastic behavior

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25. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
3. Elastic behavior
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26. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
4. Elastoplastic Behavior
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27. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
4. Elastoplastic Behavior


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28. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
4. Elastoplastic Behavior

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29. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
4. Elastoplastic Behavior

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30. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
4. Elastoplastic Behavior

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31. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
5. Brittleness and Toughness
Brittlenessdescribesthepropertyofamaterialthatfractureswhensubjected
tostressbuthasalittletendencytodeformbeforerupture.
Brittlematerialsarecharacterizedbylittledeformation,poorcapacityto
resistimpactandvibrationofload,highcompressivestrength,andlow
tensilestrength.

ductile
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32. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
4. Brittleness and Toughness
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33. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
4. Brittleness and Toughness


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34. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
6. Failure and Safety:
Failureoccurswhenamemberorstructurestopstoperformthefunctionfor
whichitwasdesigned.Failureofastructurecantakeseveralmodesincluding
fracture,yielding,buckling,andexcessivedeformation.
Abrittlematerialtypicallyfracturessuddenlywhenthestaticstressreachesthe
strengthofthematerial.Ontheotherhand,aductilematerialmayfracturedue
toexcessiveplasticdeformation.Longmembersubjectedtoaxialcompressive
loads,mayfallduetobuckling.
Sometimesexcessivedeformationcouldbedefinedasfailure.
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35. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
6. Failure and Safety:
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36. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Mechanical Properties of Materials
7. Hardness and Abrasive Resistance

Abrasive resistance refers to the capacity of a material to resist abrasion.
It
is
expressed by the abrasion ratio, calculated as:
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37. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Decorativeness of Materials
Decorativematerialsaremainlyusedasfacingfortheinsideand
outsidewallsofbuildings,columns,floors,andceilings.
Theyplaydecorative,protective,andotherspecificroles(such
asinsulation,moisture-resistance,fireproofing,sound-
absorption,andsound-insulation).
Anddecorativeeffectsprimarilydependoncolors,texturesand
linetypesofthedecorativematerials.
37Dr. Aryanfar H. Sherwani

38. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Decorativeness of Materials
1.Color
Colorisanimportantfactorfortheappearanceofbuildings,
evenimpactingontheenvironment.
Aslivingconditions,climates,traditions,andcustomsare
different,peoplehavevariousfeelingsandevaluationsoncolors.
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39. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
Decorativeness of Materials
2. Texture
Textureisacomprehensiveimpressiongivenbytheappearanceof
amaterial,suchasroughness,grain,andpatterns.
Forexample,theroughsurfaceofconcreteorbrickappearsrelatively
massyandrough;andthesurfaceofglassoraluminumalloyis
smoothanddelicatewhichseemslightandbright.
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40. The Basic Properties of Building Materials
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QUIZE (1):