26901322045_SOMASREE GHOSH_AIR AND NOISE POLLUTION AND CONTROL_CE.pptx

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1. MODERN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY RAJHAT, BANDEL, HOOGHLY 2024   Submitted by NAME: SOMASREE GHOSH REGISTRATION NUMBER: 222690120085 ROLL NUMBER: 26901322045 DEPARTMENT: CIVIL ENGINEERING YEAR: 4 TH SEMESTER: 7 TH [ AIR AND NOISE POLLUTION AND CONTROL – CE(PE)703A ] For Continuous Assessment 1 (CA 1)

2. TOPIC :- AIR POLLUTANT & AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY

3. CONTENT :- INTRODUCTION AIR POLLUTANT AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY CONCLUSION REFERENCE     I want to thank to my teacher “ M r. …………….” (department of civil engineering) who gave me the golden opportunity to providing me an opportunity to prepare this wonderful presentation on, AIR POLLUTANT & AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY . And giving me a lot of support and guidance, as a result this presentation gets prepared. I am extremely thankful to him for providing such a nice support and guidance. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

4. INTRODUCTION Air pollution, a pressing global issue, arises from a complex interplay of pollutants emitted from both natural and anthropogenic sources. These pollutants, ranging from particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide to volatile organic compounds, significantly impact human health and environmental quality. Air pollution meteorology is the study of how meteorological conditions—such as temperature, wind, humidity, and atmospheric pressure—affect the dispersion, transformation, and removal of these pollutants. Understanding the dynamics of air pollution through meteorological lenses is essential for developing effective strategies to monitor, control, and mitigate air quality issues. This field integrates atmospheric science with environmental health to address the challenges posed by air pollution and to safeguard public well-being and ecological balance.

5. AIR POLLUTANT :- SMOG :- Air pollution refers to any physical, chemical, or biological change in the air. It is the contamination of air by harmful gases, dust, and smoke which affects plants, animals, and humans drastically. Smog is a type of air pollution characterized by a mixture of smoke, fog, and other pollutants. It commonly occurs in urban areas and can be classified into two types: Industrial Smog: Often associated with the burning of coal and oil, it is characterized by high levels of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and particulate matter (PM). It typically forms in cooler, damp conditions and is prevalent in areas with heavy industrial activity. Photochemical Smog: This type forms when sunlight reacts with pollutants like nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), resulting in a haze of ozone (O₃) and other secondary pollutants. It is common in sunny, urban environments and can lead to significant visibility reduction and health issues. Effects on the Atmosphere: Visibility Reduction: Smog can obscure visibility, leading to hazardous driving conditions and diminished aesthetic value of landscapes. Health Impacts: Prolonged exposure to smog can cause respiratory problems, exacerbate asthma, and increase cardiovascular risks.

6. OZONE LAYER DEPLETION :- The ozone layer, located in the stratosphere, absorbs the majority of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Depletion of this layer is primarily caused by human-made chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS). Effects on the Atmosphere: Increased UV Radiation: Reduced ozone levels lead to higher levels of UV radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. This can cause skin cancer, cataracts, and other health issues in humans, as well as harm terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Climate Impact: Ozone depletion can affect atmospheric circulation patterns and temperature distribution, potentially influencing weather patterns and climate. ACID RAIN:- Acid rain occurs when sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted from industrial processes and vehicle exhausts react with water vapor in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃). These acids fall to the ground with precipitation. Effects on the Atmosphere: Ecosystem Damage: Acid rain can lead to soil acidification, harming plants and aquatic life by leaching essential nutrients from the soil and altering the pH of water bodies. Infrastructure Corrosion: Acid rain accelerates the degradation of buildings, monuments, and other structures, leading to increased maintenance costs and environmental damage.

7. GLOBAL WARMING :- Global warming refers to the increase in Earth’s average surface temperature due to the enhanced greenhouse effect. This effect is driven by elevated levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O), primarily from fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and agricultural activities. Effects on the Atmosphere: Temperature Rise: Increased greenhouse gases trap more heat in the atmosphere, leading to higher global temperatures, which can cause more frequent and severe heatwaves. Changes in Weather Patterns: Global warming affects weather patterns, leading to more intense and unpredictable weather events, including hurricanes, floods, and droughts. Melting Ice and Sea Level Rise: Higher temperatures contribute to the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers, resulting in rising sea levels that threaten coastal communities and ecosystems.

8. AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY :- PLUME A plume is a column of liquid, gas, or dust that moves through another fluid, gas, or dust. The term plume is commonly used to describe things like smoke rising from a chimney. Depending on the degree of atmospherically instability, exit velocity from a stack and the prevailing wind turbulence, the plume emitted from a stack behave in different ways. Let’s have a look at each one of them. The study of how meteorological processes near the earth's surface affect air pollutants and how pollutants affect meteorology. Meteorological factors like wind speed, temperature, and humidity can affect how air pollutants spread from their sources. CONING PLUME Formed when horizontal wind velocity exceeds  32 km/h  and cloud blocks solar radiation during the day and terrestrial radiation during the night. There is little vertical mixing. The environment is slightly stable under sub-adiabatic conditions (ELR<ALR). The plume shape is vertically symmetrical about the plume line. FANNING PLUME Formed at extreme inversion conditions owing to a negative lapse rate. When the environment is under conditions of inversion, a stable environment occurs just above the stack, and the plume moves horizontally rather than upwards.  Occurs more frequently when there is less turbulence. For high stack, fanning is considered a favorable meteorological condition as it doesn’t cause ground pollution.

9. LOOPING PLUME The wavy looping plume arises in a super adiabatic environment (ELR>ALR), resulting in a very unstable atmosphere due to rapid mixing. In an unstable atmosphere, rapid vertical air motions occur both upward and downward, resulting in a looping plume. As a result, large pollution concentrations may arise near the ground. It is preferable to create high stacks where the environment is normally hyper adiabatic to scatter these contaminants. NEUTRAL PLUME In neutral atmospheric circumstances (ELR=ALR), a neutral plume forms.  A neutral plume rises vertically in an upward direction. The plume will continue to rise until it reaches a height where the density and temperature of the surrounding air are equal. LOFTING PLUME Lofting plume is produced by a strong super adiabatic lapse rate immediately above the stack and a negative lapse rate (inversion) immediately below the stack opening. The downward movement is stopped by inversion. This results in a very rapid and turbulent upward mixing of the plume. But the downward mixing is less.  As a result, the dispersion of pollutants becomes quick, and pollutants cannot come down to the ground. Such a plume is good for dispersing air contaminants and providing significant protection to living beings. FUMIGATING PLUME The fumigant plume is the exact opposite of the lofting plume. Formed when there is a negative lapse rate (inversion) just above the stack and a strong super adiabatic lapse rate below the stack. Pollutants cannot escape above the stack under these conditions, thus they settle towards the ground due to turbulence and mixing. As a result, the dispersion of contaminants in a fumigant plume is exceedingly poor. TRAPPING PLUME When an inversion layer exists above and below the stack, the plume does not rise or fall. Rather, it is constrained or trapped between the two inversion levels, resulting in a trapping plume. This plume isn’t optimal for pollution dispersion since it can’t go past a particular height.

10. CONCLUSION :- Understanding air pollutants and air pollution meteorology is essential for managing air quality and protecting public health and the environment. By studying the sources, effects, and atmospheric behavior of pollutants, scientists and policymakers can develop effective strategies to reduce pollution and mitigate its impacts. REFERENCE :- World Health Organization (WHO) - Air Pollution "Air Pollution: Its Origin and Control" by William E. Clark, Jr. and Richard G. W. Smith "Air Pollution Meteorology and Dispersion" by Dr. W. G. N. (Bill) Watts https://www.nrdc.org/stories/air-pollution-everything-you-need-know#whatis THANK YOU