2nd generation of computer

here some features are added which upgraded than 1st generation computer

1. Welcome

2. 2 nd Generation TOPIC

3. PRESENTED BY

4. CONTENT

5. Introduction The computers built in the 1959s and 1963s are considered the 2nd generation computers. These computers make use of the transistors and they had many of the same components as the modern- day computer. For instance, 2nd generation computers typically had a printer, some sort of tape or disk storage, operating systems, stored programs, as well as some sort of memory. These computers were also generally more reliable and were solid in design.

6. How it was?

7. Some computers of this generation were: IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108 Some computers

8. Use of transistors Reliable in comparison to first generation computers Smaller size as compared to first generation computers Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers Features The main features of second generation are:

9. Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers Faster than first generation computers Still very costly A.C. needed Supported machine and assembly languages Features

10. They have two key properties: 1.they can amplify an electrical signal and 2. they can switch on and off, letting current through or blocking it as necessary. INTRODUCTION OF Transistor Transistors are tiny electrical devices that can be found in everything from radios to robots.

11. TRANSISTORS In late 1940s, AT&T Bell Laboratories scientists (J. Bardeen, H. W. Brattain and W. Shockley) invent the Transistor, replacing vacuum tubes. They get Nobel Prize for their invention. Replaced vacuum tubes Smaller Cheaper Less heat dissipation Solid State device Made from Silicon (Sand) allowed computers to become smaller, faster and less expensive

12. H ad the ability to store its usage instructions in its memory, which had advanced from magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. STORAGE ADVANCES This advancement marked the beginning of more streamlined, user-friendly technological advances and the advanced memory storage capacity we use today.

13. In Second Generation Computer more registers were added to the CPU to facilitate data and address manipulation compare to IAS (First Generation Computer). For an example, Index registers. Index registers make it possible to have indexed instructions, which increment or decrement a designated index I before (or after) they execute their main operation. R egisters

14. Introduced input-output processors (IOP), which are special-purpose processing units designed exclusively to control IO operations. Hence IO data transfers can take place independently of the CPU, permitting the CPU to execute user programs while IO operations are taking place. Input-output operation

15. In addition to the development of transistors, another major change that came about with the development of second-generation computers was a modification in language. Machine language was replaced with assembly language, sometimes referred to as symbolic language. Typical assembly languages used included Common Business-Oriented Language (CBOL) and Formula Translator (FORTRAN). LANGUAGE CHANGES

16. System programs System programs called compilers were developed to translate these high-level language programs into corresponding assembly language program Separate I/O processors were developed and in 1962 the first removable disk pack was marketed IBM became major computer manufacturer and most computer systems are used by government, business and universities

17. Batch processing is the execution of a series of jobs in a program on a computer without manual intervention Batch processing A batch monitor is a rudimentary (basic) version of an operating system. Later computer introduce multiprogramming and time-sharing systems.

18. UTILITY ADVANCEMENTS Second-generation computers were the first to feature tools such as printers, disk storage and operating systems, which was often used for financial operations. These advancements allowed computer users to keep better control of their records and triggered the increase of computer use in day-to-day business operations.

19. Advantages: Fastest computing devices of their time; Easy to program because of the use assembly language; Could be transferred from one place to other very easily because they were small and light; Require very less power in carrying out their operations; More reliable, did not require maintenance at regular intervals of time.

20. Disadvantages: ( 1)The input and output media were not improved to a considerable extent (2) Required to be placed in air-conditioned places (3) The cost of these computers was very high and they were beyond the reach of home users (4) Special-purpose computers and could execute only specific applications

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