3. Intellectual Revolutions and Society.pptx

Revolutions and Society

1. Intellectual Revolutions and Society Copernican, Darwinian and Freudian intellectual revolutions KMQUINTO

2. Defining Science 1.Science as an idea . It includes ideas, theories, and all systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world. 2.Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This process involves systematic observation and experimentation. 3.Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject, discipline, or field of study that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world. 4.Science as a personal and social activity. It is a means to survive in and improve life. It is interwoven with people’s lives.

3. Scientific Revolution was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of science and mathematics transforms the views of society about nature. It explained the emergence of modern science. This took place in Europe , which was started by the publication of Nicolaus Copernicus ’ book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres and ended with Isaac Newton .

4. Paradigms and Paradigm Shifts A scientific paradigm is a framework containing all the commonly accepted views about a subject, conventions about what direction the research should take and how it should be performed. The philosopher Thomas Kuhn suggested that a paradigm includes “the practices that define a scientific discipline at a certain point in time.” Paradigms contain all the distinct, established patterns, theories, common methods and standards that allow us to recognize an experimental result as belonging to a field or not . Kuhn was interested in how the overarching theories we have of reality itself influence the models and theories we make about reality within that paradigm

5. A paradigm dictates: • what is observed and measured • the questions we ask about those observations • how the questions are formulated • how the results are interpreted • how research is carried out • what equipment is appropriate

6. It is very common for scientists to discard certain models or pick up emerging theories. But once in a while, enough anomalies accumulate within a field that the entire paradigm itself is required to change to accommodate them. Normal science is the step-by-step scientific process, which builds patiently upon previous research. Revolutionary science, often 'fringe science' questions the paradigm itself. Kuhn believed that a paradigm would make a sudden leap from one to the next, called a paradigm shift , where the new paradigm didn’t build on the foundations of the old, but completely change the rules for that “building.”

7. GREEK COSMOLOGY

8. • We began with the invention of the idea of a scientific theory by the pre-Socratic philosophers • They attempted to find underlying and unchanging principles responsible for the constantly-changing phenomena of the everyday natural world • The Greeks developed a cosmological theory with the Earth at the center and the planets, sun and moon embedded in spheres rotating around the earth • The motions in the heavens were understood in terms of Aristotle’s theory of motion

9. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION • 16th century- Nicholaus Copernicus- a Polish mathematician and astronomer, challenged the Ptolemaic model. • He introduced the heliocentric model in a 40 page outline entitled COMMENTARIOLUS.

10. PTOLEMAIC COPERNICAN

11. • He formalized his model in the publication of his treatise , De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (The Revolution of Celestial Spheres) in 1543 • HELIOCENTRISM which suggested that the center of the Solar System was not the Earth but actually the sun. He contradicted the GEOCENTRIC MODEL introduced by Ptolemy , where the earth is the center of the solar system • accepted by the people in a period called the BIRTH OF MODERN ASTRONOMY

12. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION • one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions • in 1859, Charles Darwin , an English naturalist, biologist and geologist published his book, ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES • in this book, he introduced the theory of evolution that populations pass through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive.

13. • Darwin also stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive , process known as evolution .

14. PROCESS OF NATURAL SELECTION

15. • but this very much controversial as this is contradictory to the church teachings that the source of life is a powerful creator. • made people divided based into their belief. But later on was not in fact against teachings of the church and both can coexist vs

16. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

17. • In the past, the field of psychology as always under philosophy. • Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science 19th century Sigmund Freud was bale to change people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of PSYCHOANALYSIS

18. PSYCHOANALYSIS - study of human behavior It is a scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded within one’s personality , ringing from free associations, dreams, and fantasies of the individual.

19. • Freud explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and emotion • He also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego, superego • many believed that Freud’s theory had no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data could support it • But still Freud continued his work, soon enough people were able to understand the concepts of psychoanalysis which eventually resulted in classifying psychology as a science.

20. MESO-AMERICA

21. • It has contributed a lot of ideas or discoveries for Archeology. • The temples and pyramids left a lot of Architecture that leads us to study more of it. • The Maya civilization is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2,000 years . • These people are known for their works in astronomy. • They developed the technology for growing different crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools.

22. • They built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water to different communities. • The Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised rainbow of glittery paints from mineral called mica . • They are also believe to be the first people to produce rubber products 3,000 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844.

23. The Mayans are considered one of the most scientifically advanced societies in Mesoamerica. The Inca civilization is also famous in Mesoamerica. The Incas made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization.

24. The following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to help them in everyday life: Roads paved with stones Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season The first suspension bridge Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements

25. The Aztec civilization

26. made substantial contributions to science and technology and to the society. Some of their contributions are the following:  Mandatory education. The Aztec puts value on education ; that is why their children are mandated to get education regardless of their social class, gender, or age . It is an early form of universal or inclusive education  Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. In Mayan culture, they used it as currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tribute to their Gods.

27.  Antispadomic medication. They used a type of antispadomic medication that could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which could help during surgery.  Chinampa . It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.  Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season.  Invention of the canoe . A light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems.

28. ASIAN • The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom and independent nationhood alongthe improvement brought by it internally. • India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains in its northern boarders.

29. The Indians are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works. Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the Roman Empire. They are also famous in medicine. Ayuverda is a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC and is still practiced as a form of alternative medicine. They discovered some medicinal properties of plants that led them to develop medicines to cure various illnesses.

30. Some ancient texts, like Susruta Samhita , describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in ancient India. Ancient Indian is also notable in the field of astronomy. They developed theories on the configuration of the universe , the spherical self-supporting Earth , and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each . They are also known for their mathematics. Aryabhata , an Indian astronomer and mathematician in his Aryabhatiya , introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques as well as algorithms of algebra.

31. CHINA One of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas of life like medicine, astronomy, science. Mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music. The Chinese are known for their traditional medicines . They discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and animals to cure human illness . Acupuncture is an example.

32. MIDDLE EAST The revolutions in the Middle East were a product of development and growth of individual nationalism, imperialism for the efforts of westernize and modernize Middle Eastern societies, and to push the declining power of the of the Ottoman Empire in the Arab Region . A Muslim scientist named Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the Father of Optics , especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light . In Mathematics, the mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al- Kwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm while the term algebra is derived from al- jabr , the beginning of the title of one of his publications.

33. AFRICAN • The fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa. Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy , which is known as the medieval fore runner of chemistry . Astronomy was also famous in African region. For instance, documents show that Africans used three types of calendar: lunar , solar and stellar or a combination of the three .

34. The Age of INFORMATION

35. This has been the era in which technology has been prevalent . It is also known as the COMPUTER AGE that has brought so much change on how we are living today.