3 Linguistic features

Linguistics in English

1. linguistic features

2. Stylistics focuses on texts and gives much attention to the devices, parts of speech and figures of speech. It goes further to look into the effects of the use of the devices on the reader.

3. Talking about the scope of stylistics, Onwukwe Ekwutosi gave four distinctive types of stylistics and they are: non-dialectical varieties found within a language language use in literature the qualification of stylistic pattern study of expression of aesthetic function of sound

4. General stylistics deals with the non-dialectical varieties found within a language . In other words , it deals with situational or contextual use of language, that is, variation according to use. It also includes variation of language according to field of discourse, variation according to mode of discourse and finally, variation according to style of discourse . General stylistics

5. Literary stylistics deals with language use in literature , that is, variations, characteristics of individual writer that made mark in literature. Often , we hear people talk about the style of Shakespeare , Milton, Achebe or Soyinka. Literary stylistics

6. S tylo -stylistics deals with the qualification of stylistic pattern. It studies the statistical structure of literary texts often using computers. Stylo -stylistics

7. Phono-stylistics is the study of expression of aesthetic function of sound. Phono-stylistics

8. Stylistic features Stylistic features can be described as features that produce style. They include linguistic features such as: Diction: writer’s choice of words clichés , archaism, polysyllabic, monosyllabic S entence structure such as: loose and period sentences Parallelism P arenthetical expressions P assive expressions Punctuation marks Figure of speech

9. DICTION : Choice of words

10. DICTION : Choice of words Slang : Very informal words and expressions that are more common in spoken language, especially used by a particular group of people . Colloquialism : A word or phrase that is used in conversation but not in formal speech in writing. Connotation : It is the additional meaning the word gains because of the different environment in which a word has been used in the past.

11. DICTION Slang : Very informal words and expressions that are more common in spoken language, especially used by a particular group of people . BAE Lit Low key On poin t Savage Ship The tea Woke YOLO

12. DICTION : Slang : Very informal words and expressions that are more common in spoken language, especially used by a particular group of people. BAE : A term of endearment, meaning "before anyone else," used between romantic partners that can "I love her to death. She's so fierce!" Lit : If something is "lit," it means it's super cool or "on fire." "Last night's party was lit." Low key : If someone or something is "low key," it means it's being done under the radar or they don't want anyone to know. "I low key love Imagine Dragons, but don't tell anyone!" On poin t: Outstanding, perfectly executed. "Her accessories are on point. She looks great." Savage : Someone who "roasts" people nonstop and doesn't care what others will say. "Jimmy Kimmel's monologue on Donald Trump last night was savage." Ship : Short for "romantic relationship," sometimes used as a verb. "Everyone wants to ship Edward and bella , but they say they're just good friends. The tea : When someone is dishing "the tea," they're gossiping, particularly with the juiciest or most dramatic gossip. "Let's call Wendy. She always has the tea." Woke : Slang for "awakened," as in being highly aware of social injustices. "If you're so woke, why didn't you vote?" YOLO : An acronym for "you only live once," encouraging people to seize the day. "Of course you should go on that trip to Dublin! YOLO

13. DICTION Colloquialism : A word or phrase that is used in conversation but not in formal speech in writing.

14. DICTION Connotation : It is the additional meaning the word gains because of the different environment in which a word has been used in the past.

15. clichés : overused expression

16. ARCHAISM : use of older versions of language and art Hamlet (By William Shakespeare) “Perhaps he loves you now, And now no soil nor cautel doth besmirch The virtue of his will There; my blessing with thee! And these few precepts in thy memory Look thou character. Give thy thoughts no tongue … I find thee apt; And duller shouldst thou be than the fat weed That rots itself in ease on Lethe wharf, Wouldst thou not stir in this …”

17. ARCHAISM : use of older versions of language and art Hamlet (By William Shakespeare) “Perhaps he loves you now, And now no soil nor cautel doth besmirch The virtue of his will There; my blessing with thee ! And these few precepts in thy memory Look thou character. Give thy thoughts no tongue … I find thee apt; And duller shouldst thou be than the fat weed That rots itself in ease on Lethe wharf, Wouldst thou not stir in this …”

18. ARCHAISM : use of older versions of language and art Many English proverbs and idioms contain archaism examples, such as the following: Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. Often called the Golden Rule, both the word “unto” and the grammatical constructions of starting with “do” and the linking “as you would have” are archaism examples

19. ARCHAISM : use of older versions of language and art To thine own self be true. Originally a William Shakespeare quote, this sentence has evolved into a common English proverb, yet retains the archaism “thine ” Full of vim and vigor . “ Vim” is now only used when in conjunction with “vigor ”

20. polysyllabic : a word with many syllables in-tel-li-gent in-i-ti-at-ve per-so-ni-fi-ca-tion fun-da-men-tal-ly in-fe-ri-o-ri-ty syl-la-bi-fi-ca-tion

21. monosyllabic : a word which contains only one syllable You Are One Of A Kind

22. Loose and periodic sentences

23. Parallelism : defined as two or more phrases or clauses in a sentence that have the same grammatical structure. For example: We wanted to cook and to go swimming . (Not parallel) We wanted to cook and to swim . (Parallel)

24. parallelism Common Examples of Parallelism: Like father, like son. Easy come, easy go. Whether in class, at work, or at home, Shasta was always busy. Flying is fast, comfortable, and safe.

25. parallelism 1) Eggs contain not only protein but are also are full of vitamins. Correct: Eggs contain not only protein (noun) but also vitamins (noun). 2) The yolk of one egg contains 213 milligrams of cholesterol and there are 5 grams of fat. Correct: The yolk of one egg contains 213 milligrams of cholesterol and 5 grams of fat

26. parallelism 3 ) Still, the whites are both fat-free and have no cholesterol. Correct: Still, the whites are both fat-free and cholesterol-free . 4) Generally, it is better to eat eggs moderately than avoiding them entirely. Correct: Generally, it is better to eat eggs moderately than to avoid them entirely.

27. Examples of Parallelism in Literature Example #1: A Tale of Two Cities (By Charles Dickens ) “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair.” By repeating “ It was …” in the passage, the readers are prompted to focus on the traits of the “age” they will read about in the succeeding passages.

28. Examples of Parallelism in Literature Example #2: The Tyger (By William Blake) “What the hammer? what the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? what dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp?” Blake uses parallel structures, starting with “what” in each phrase, creating a beautiful rhythm in the above lines.

29. Examples of Parallelism in Literature Example #3: Presidential Inauguration Speech (By Barack Obama) “My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.” In this speech, U.S. President Barack Obama uses structural parallelism in the bold phrases, giving his speech beauty.

30. Parenthetical Expression a word or words added to a sentence without changing the meaning or grammar of the original sentence; extra information but are not essential. You can add and remove a parenthetical and the sentence works just the same.

31. Parenthetical Expression Essential : The person taking money at the door asked for a form of identification. Nonessential : The police , hoping to save time, took the expressway.

32. Parenthetical Expression In fact there are three types of punctuation that can separate parenthetical expressions: commas , ......., round brackets (.......) long dashes —.......—

33. Parenthetical Expression In fact there are three types of punctuation that can separate parenthetical expressions: commas , ......., round brackets (.......) long dashes —.......—

34. Parenthetical Expression Commas : are the usual form of punctuation for parenthetics . Remember, if the parenthetic appears in the middle of the sentence there must be TWO commas, one before and one after . Example: Some foods, sugar for example, are not good for us. Timothy , who lives near Stonehenge, goes to church regularly.

35. Parenthetical Expression Commas: are the usual form of punctuation for parenthetics . Remember, if the parenthetic appears in the middle of the sentence there must be TWO commas, one before and one after . Example: Some foods, sugar for example, are not good for us. Timothy , who lives near Stonehenge, goes to church regularly.

36. Parenthetical Expression Brackets : are the next most common form of punctuation for parenthetics . Bracketed parenthetics can only appear in the middle of the sentence, and there must always be TWO brackets. Example: The planet closest to the sun ( ie Mercury) has the most extreme temperature variations . The 70th anniversary of the D-Day landings (6 June 1944) was attended by many world leaders.

37. Parenthetical Expression Dashes : for parenthetics are much less common. If the parenthetic appears in the middle of the sentence, there must be TWO dashes, one before and one after . Example: The cheetah—the world's fastest land animal—is native to Africa.

38. Parenthetical Expression Use the punctuations to separate parenthetical expressions: Tara although she comes from a hot climate hates hot weather . If they didn't understand you a qualified teacher how will they ever understand me ? The 70th anniversary of the D-Day landings 6 June 1944 was attended by many world leaders . Anthony   however decided not to go.

39. Parenthetical Expression Use the punctuations to separate parenthetical expressions: Tara, although she comes from a hot climate, hates hot weather . If they didn't understand you—a qualified teacher— how will they ever understand me ? The 70th anniversary of the D-Day landings (6 June 1944) was attended by many world leaders . Anthony,  however , decided not to go.

40. Parenthetical Expression Note that in all the above cases, where the parenthetic is in the middle of the sentence, there must be a PAIR of punctuation marks—an opening mark and a closing mark. However, when a parenthetic is at the beginning or end of a sentence, we can use a single comma or a single dash. It is NOT possible to use a single bracket.

41. Parenthetical Expression Well how are you going to explain yourself now? You should never drink and drive of course. John had not been drinking or so he says.

42. Parenthetical Expression Well , how are you going to explain yourself now? You should never drink and drive , of course . John had not been drinking —or so he says .

43. Passive expression I n English, the active voice uses a subject which actually “does” something (the main verb). For example: She sent the letter. (Here, “she” does something: sends the letter) In the active voice, the subject is called the 'agent' because it actually “does” the main verb. So, 'she' is the agent in the above example.

44. Passive expression The passive voice is formed by using the verb “to be” in the same tense as the main verb in the active voice, followed by the past participle of the main verb . Most importantly, the object of the active voice becomes the subject of the passive voice . However, the new subject is NOT the agent. She sent the letter. (active voice, “to send” - past tense) The letter was sent. ( passive voice: “to be” - past tense, “to send” - past participle, “letter” – subject)

45. Passive expression The people will elect a new president. (active voice: “to elect” - future tense) A new president will be elected. (passive voice: “to be” - future tense, “to elect” - past participle, “a new president” - subject)

46. Passive expression

47. Passive expression

48. These are signs in writing to divide sentences and phrases and to make meanings clear . PUNCTUATION MARKS

49. Figure of speech A figure of speech is an expression used figuratively rather than literary. It gives a deeper meaning to word .

50. Figure of speech Metaphor : Is a comparison between two dissimilar things which have something in common. Simile : It is a clear comparison between two dissimilar things. These two unlike items however share something in common. It is this common characteristic that is emphasized by the use of like or as …as. Hyperbole : It is an overstatement where the speaker exaggerates what he is saying out of proportion . Metonymy : This is using a word for something to refer to another with which it has become closely associated. Personification : It is giving human quality to an inanimate object.