(3) Methodology & Design.pptx.Research po

Research Methodology and Design

1. …….. METHODOLOGY and RESEARCH DESIGN

2. Minimum Requirements for Basic Research Proposal Introduction and Rationale Literature Review Research Questions Scope and Limitations Research Methodology Sampling Data Collection Ethical Standards Plan for Data Analysis Time Table/ Gantt Chart Cost Estimates Plans for Dissemination and Advocacy References Basic & Action Research Basic Research

3. Minimum Requirements for ACTION Research Proposal Context and Rationale Action Research Questions Proposed Innovation, Intervention & Strategy Action Research Methods Participants and/or other Sources of Data and Information Data Gathering Methods Data Collection Plan Action Research Work Plan & Timelines Cost Estimates Plans for Dissemination and Advocacy References Action Research

4. Completed Basic Research Report Title Page Abstract Acknowledgement Introduction and Rationale Literature Review Research Questions Scope and Limitations Research Methodology Sampling Data Collection Discussion of Results and Recommendations Dissemination and Advocacy Plans References Financial Report Basic Research

5. Completed Action Research Report Title Page Abstract Acknowledgement Context and Rationale Innovation, Intervention and Strategy Action Research Questions Action Research Methods Participants Data Gathering Methods Discussion of Results and Reflection Action Plan References Financial Report Action Research

6. Design & Methods Research Methodology The  DESIGN & METHOD  section of the report is where you explain to your reader how you went about carrying out your research. You should describe the research design , subjects , the instruments used , the conditions under which the tests were given , how the tests were scored , how the results were analyzed , etc.

7. Design & Methods Research Methodology Remember that this section needs to be very explicit. A good rule of thumb is to provide enough detail so that others could replicate all the important points of your research. Failure to provide adequate detail may raise doubts in your readers' minds about your procedures and findings.

8. Design & Methods Research Methodology Ø Methodology section is one of the parts of a research paper. Ø This part is the core of your paper as it is a proof that you use the scientific method. Ø Through this section, your study’s validity is judged.

9. Design & Methods Research Methodology While writing this section, be direct and precise. Write it in the future tense (proposal) and past tense (when research is completed/reporting results). Include enough information so that: others could repeat the experiment and evaluate whether the results are reproducible. the audience can judge whether t he results and conclusions are valid.

10. Design & Methods Research Methodology Your methodology answers two main questions:  How did you collect or generate the data? How did you analyze the data?

11. Design & Methods Research Methodology Provide sufficient information of the whole process so that others could replicate your study. You can do this by: giving a completely accurate description of the data collection equipments and the techniques. explaining how you collected the data and analyzed them.

12. Research Methodology Design & Methods Research design is a plan to answer your research question A research method is a strategy used to implement that plan Research design and methods are different but closely related, because good research design ensures that the data you obtain will help you answer your research question more effectively

13. Research Methodology Main Research Designs Descriptive Design Experimental Design Causal Design Cohort Design Cross-Sectional Design Exploratory Design Longitudinal Design Meta analysis

14. Research Methodology Main Research Designs Historical Design Philosophical Design Observational Design Case Study Design Sequential Design Systematic Review Mixed Methods Design ( Quali & Quanti )

15. Research Methodology Qualitative Research Designs Narrative Phenomenology Ethnography Case Study Grounded Theory Action Research

16. Design Focus Narrative Describe the lives of individual(s) to get meaning from them Phenomenology Studies a human experience at an experiential level such as understanding what it means for a woman to lose a child It is about understanding the essence or meaning of the experience Qualitative Research Designs Research Methodology

17. Design Focus Case Study Intent is to study and understand a single situation, which could be a leader, a classroom, a process, program, activity Collect a variety of material in a specific and bounded time period. This is also used for historical studies, when collecting historical data to understand and learn from the past. Research Methodology Qualitative Research Designs

18. Design Focus Grounded Theory The focus is to develop an understanding of a phenomenon or situation in order to be able to develop a theory/model for items such as factors, a form of interaction, or a process. Research Methodology Qualitative Research Designs

19. Research Methodology Qualitative Research Methods Observation/Participant Observation Interview (Qualitative Interviewing – Open-ended questions) Focus Groups Secondary Data Analysis/ Archival Study Combination / Triangulation (of method)

20. Design Focus Correlational Explore the relationship between two or more variables through a correlational analysis The intent is to determine if and to what degree the variables are related It does not imply one causes the other Causal Comparative Compare two groups with the intent of understanding the reasons or causes for the two groups being different. Research Methodology Quantitative Research Design

21. Design Focus Experimental Test an idea, treatment, program to see if it makes a difference There is a control group and a test group Individuals are randomly assigned to the two groups One group gets the treatment (test group) and the other group (control group) does not get the treatment There is a pre and post-test for both groups in a traditional experimental design Quantitative Research Design Research Methodology

22. Design Focus Quasi-experimental It is the same as experiment in that there is a control and test group However , current groups are used as is rather than randomly assigning people to the two groups Both groups receive the pre and post- test in a traditional design Research Methodology Quantitative Research Design

23. Quantitative Research Methods Surveys Tests Experiments Use of Secondary Data/ Document Analysis Interview (Quantitative Interviewing) Research Methodology

24. Design & Methods Research Methodology Research Instruments  Survey Questionnaires  Cognitive tests  Affective scales  Observation protocols  Interview schedules / guides  Checklists

25. Design & Methods Research Methodology Sampling – details should be provided about who will participate in the research; number of people and the characteristics of those who will participate in the research; and how will the sample be selected or recruited. Data Collection – the various instruments and procedures for data collection should be outlined and extensively discussed.

26. Design & Methods Sampling Who? How many? (sample size) How will the sample be selected? (Sampling Techniques) Random Sampling (Probability Sampling) Non-Random Sampling (Non-probability Sampling) Research Methodology

27. Research Methodology Design & Methods Random Sampling Methods Simple Random Technique Stratified Random Technique Systematic Sampling Multistage Non-Random Sampling Methods Purposive Sampling Quota Sampling Convenience Sampling

28. Statistics Research Methodology Frequency Count, Percentages, Rank, Measure of Central Tendency, Standard Deviation Encoding data  Quantitative vs. Qualitative  Use of spreadsheet or SPSS  Coding

29. Statistics Research Methodology Analyzing Data  Statistical methods  Comparing same group, measured different times  Comparing two groups, measured at the same time  Comparing more than two groups

30. Statistics Research Methodology Plan for Data Analysis – indicates how the data will be analyzed and reported; it should specify the qualitative and/or quantitative methods that will be used in analyzing the data gathered for the research.

31. Research Methodology Statistics Some statistical tools commonly used Descriptive Mean Arithmetic mean Weighted mean Standard Deviation

32. Research Methodology Statistics Some statistical tools commonly used Inferential Differences T-test (for independent, dependent/correlated) ANOVA Relationship/Association Pearson r Chi-Square/Contingency Coefficient

33. Design & Methods Research Methodology The method/design section includes: 1. Describing research design 2. Describing the samples/ participants. 3. Describing the materials you used in the study 4. Explaining how you prepared the materials

34. Design & Methods Research Methodology The method/design section includes: 5. Explaining how you made measurements and what calculations you performed 6. Stating which statistical tests you did to analyze the data

35. Thank You for Listening…. Research Methodology