3 RESEARCH DESIGN PowerPoinRESEARCH DESIGNt Presentation.pptx

RESEARCH DESIGN

1. Research Design

2. Def : Research Design constitutes the Blueprint for the collection , measurement and analysis of data. (or) Research Design is the plan and structure of investigation .  

3. The Research plan should be written to address the following questions:- What do you intend to do? Why is the work important? What has already been done? How are you going to do the work?

4. Researcher should know the Background and significance of the research problem including proposed rational, current state of knowledge and potential contributions and important of the research to the field.   Literature review is very important. Critically evaluate existing knowledge, including background literature and relevant data.

5. Classification of the research design A number of different design approaches exist, but, unfortunately. No simple classification systems defines all the variations that may be considered They may be --- Exploratory ,formal study Monitoring , communication study Experimental , Ex-post-facto study Descriptive , causal study Cross sectional, longitudinal study Case study, statistical study Field setting, laboratory research, simulation study.

6. Levels of Research Design There are four levels of Research design. they are 1. Sampling design 2. Observational design 3. Statistical design 4. Operational design

7. SAMPLING DESIGN : The sample design which deals with the method of selecting items to be observed for the given study OBESERVATIONAL DESIGN : Observational deals which relates to the conditions under which the observations are to be made. STASTICAL DESIGN : Statistical design which concerns with the question of how many items are to be observed and how the information and data gathered are to be analyzed OPERATIONAL DESIGN : Operational design which deals with the techniques by which the procedures specified in the sampling , statistical and observational design can be carried out.

8. Features of Good Design The design which Minimizes Bias and Maximizes the reliability of the data collected and analyzed is considered a good design. The question of Good Design is related to the purpose of the research problem and also with the nature of the problem to be studied. A researcher design appropriate for a particular research problem, usually involves the consideration of the following factors. 1. Obtaining the information. 2. Availability of Staff members and their skills 3. Objective of the problem to be studied. 4. Nature of the problem to be studied. 5. Availability of time and money for the research work.  

9. Important concepts relating to research design :   Before describing the different research design, first to explain the various concepts relating to designs. So that there may be better and easily understood.

10. Dependent and Independent variable Variable : A concept which can take on different quantitative values is called a variable. Ex: like weight, height, income etc . Variable can be classified into two types: Independent variable, dependent variable   Independent variable : A Variable which taken individually is called independent variable. Dependent variable : A Variable which is depends upon another variable Discrete variable : A variable for which the individual values fall on the scale only with distinct gaps is called a Discrete variable. Continuous variable : A Continuous variable is that which can assume any numerical value within a specific range

11. Extraneous Variable Independent variables that are not related to the purpose of the study, but may affected the dependent variables are termed as extraneous variables. Example : T he researcher wants to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between children’s gains in social studies achievement and their self-concepts. Here self-concept is the independent variable and social studies achievement is dependent variable. But Intelligence may as well affect the social studies achievement, but since it is not related to the purpose of the study undertaken by the researcher

12. Control To minimize the influence of extraneous variables.

13. Confounded relationship The relationship between the independent and dependent variables is called confounded relationship.  

14. Research hypothesis finding the relationship between the two variables is called research hypothesis.  

15. Experimental hypothesis testing The independent variable is manipulated is called experimental hypothesis testing.

16. Non-Experimental hypothesis-testing The independent variable is not manipulated is called non experimental hypothesis-testing.

17. Experimental and Control groups --- When a group is exposed to usual conditions is called control group. --- When a group is exposed to special conditions is called experimental group.  

18. Treatments The different conditions under which experimental and control groups are put then it is called treatments

19. Experiment The process of examining the truth of a statistical hypothesis, relating to some research problem is known as experiment

20. Experimental units The pre-determined plots (or) Blocks where treatments are used are known as experimental units.

21. Types of research designs There are mainly four types of research designs: Research design in case of Exploratory or Formulative research studies. Research design in case of Descriptive and Diagnostic research studies. Research design in case of Hypothesis-testing research studies. Research design in case of Causal research studies.

22. Research design in case of Exploratory or Formulative research studies   To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it.  

23. Research design in case of Descriptive & Diagnostic research studies To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individuals, situation or a group is called descriptive research studies. To determine the frequency with something occurs or with which it is associated with something else are called diagnostic research studies.

24. Research design in case of Hypothesis – testing research studies   To test a hypothesis of causal difference between variables.  

25. Research Design in case of causal research studies   To find the relationships between the variables in the causal form is called causal research studies

26. Difference between Exploratory or Formulative and Descriptive / Diagnostic Research Design Exploratory (or) formulative Descriptive / Diagnostic Overall design It is a flexible design It is a not flexible Design 1. Sampling design Non-probability sampling design ( Judgment sampling) Probability sampling design (Simple random sampling) 2. Stastical design No pre-planned design for analysis Pre-planned design for analysis 3. Observational design Unstructured instruments for collection of data Structured instruments for collection of data 4. Operational design No fixed Decisions about the operational procedures Advanced decisions about operational procedure

27. Experimental Research Experimental are studies involving intervention by the researcher beyond that required for measurement. The usual intervention is to manipulate some variables in a setting and observe how it affects the subjects being studied. The researcher manipulates the independents or exploratory variables and then observes whether the hypothesized. Dependent variables is affected by the intervention

28. Basic principles of experimental designs Professor Fisher has enumerated Three principles: Principle of REPLICATION. Principle of RANDOMIZATION. Principle of LOCAL CONTROL of experimental designs

29. Principle of REPLICATION According to the principle of Replication the experiment should be repeated more than once.

30. Principle of RANDOMIZATION It Provides the protection, when we conduct an experiment against the effect of extraneous factors by randomization. 

31. Principle of LOCAL CONTROL The Principle of Local control is another important principle of experimental design