3. Types of pollution (1).pptx3. Types of pollution (1).pptx

3. Types of pollution (1).pptx

1. University of Baghdad College of Engineering Chem. Eng. Dept. SECOND YEAR DR. TARIQ M.NAIEF

2. OUTLINES OF LECTURE TYPES OF POLLUTION Air pollution Water pollution Noise pollution Sources of noise pollution Solutions for Noise Pollution Soil pollution or (Land Pollution) Sources of soil pollution Radiation pollution or (Radioactive/ Nuclear Pollution) Thermal pollution Marine pollution or (Ocean Pollution) Light pollution

3. TYPES OF POLLUTION The effects pollution are of undoubtedly many and extensive. Extreme levels of pollution are causing scores of harm to human health, animal health, tropical rain- forests etc. All types of pollution water, soil pollution, etc. have including air, an impact on the environment.

4. Pollution may be of the following types: Air pollution Water pollution Noise pollution Soil pollution or (Land Pollution) Radiation pollution or (Radioactive/ Nuclear Pollution) Thermal pollution Marine pollution or (Ocean Pollution) Light pollution

5. Air pollution Air pollution is the introduction of harmful substances in the air that results in detrimental impacts to the environmental and humanity. Air pollution simply makes the air unclean or contaminated. It occurs when harmful substances such as foreign gases, odours, dust, or fumes are released in the air at levels that can harm the comfort or health of animals and humans, or even destroy plant life.

6. Substances: mean any natural or anthropogenic (man- made) chemical compounds capable of being airborne. They may exist in the atmosphere as gases, liquid drops, or solid particles. The air pollution problem can be schematically presented as a system consisting of three basic components :

7. Major emission sources: Transportation. Industrial and domestic fuel burning. Industrial processes. Receptors: Humans. Animals. Plants Materials.

8. Major emission sources: Transportation. Industrial and domestic fuel burning. Industrial processes. Receptors: Humans. Animals. Plants Materials.

9. Water pollution Water pollution is the act of contaminating water bodies including rivers, oceans, lakes, streams, aquifers, and groundwater. It occurs when foreign harmful materials like chemicals, waste matter, or contaminated substances are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies.

10. Noise pollution Noise by definition is “sound without value” or “any noise that is unwanted by the recipient”. Noise pollution is mostly an undesirable sound or sound which generates horrible discomfort on the ears. Noise pollution is defined as unpleasant and undesirable sound levels that cause serious discomfort to all living things. It is measured in decibels (dB).

11. Sound levels beyond 100 dB can cause permanent hearing loss, and noise of around 90 dB causes auditory weakness. The industrial sound limit according to the World Health Organization (WHO) is 75 dB. In the contemporary society, noise has become a permanent aspect owing to the daily activities such as in industries such as stonecutting and crushing, steel forgings, loudspeakers, shouting by hawkers selling their wares, movement of heavy transport vehicles, railways and airports.

12. It merely occurs when sounds waves of intense pressure reach the human ears and may even affect the body muscles due to sound vibrations. Noise pollution similarly affects marine and wildlife animals in the same manner it affects humans, and can even cause their death, Noise leads to irritation and an increased blood pressure, loss of temper, decrease in work efficiency, loss of hearing which may be first temporary but can become permanent in the noise stress continues, emotional problems such as aggression, mental depression and annoyance.

13. Sound becomes undesirable when it disturbs the normal activities such as working, sleeping, and during conversations. It is an underrated environmental problem because of the fact that we can’t see, smell, or taste it. World Health Organization stated that “ Noise must be recognized as a major threat to human well- being”

14. Sources of noise pollution Noise pollution is a growing problem. All human activities contribute to noise pollution to varying extent. Sources of noise pollution are many and may be located indoors or outdoors. Transportation systems are the main source of noise pollution in urban areas. Construction of buildings, highways, and streets cause a lot of noise, due to the usage of air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks, and pavement breakers. Industrial noise also adds to the already unfavorable state of noise pollution. Loud speakers, plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, fans, and vacuum cleaners add to the existing noise pollution.

15. Solutions for Noise Pollution Planting bushes and trees in and around sound generating sources is an effective solution for noise pollution. Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles can effectively reduce the noise pollution. Buildings can be designed with suitable noise absorbing material for the walls, windows, and ceilings. Workers should be provided with equipments such as ear plugs and earmuffs for hearing protection.

16. Similar to automobiles, lubrication of the machinery and servicing should be done to minimize noise generation. Soundproof doors and windows can be installed to block unwanted noise from outside. Regulations should be imposed to restrict the usage of play loudspeakers in crowded areas and public places. Factories and industries should be located far from the residential areas. Community development or urban management should be done with long- term planning, along with an aim to reduce noise pollution. Social awareness programs should be taken up to educate the public about the causes and effects of noise pollution.

17. Soil pollution or (Land Pollution) Addition of substances which adversely affect the quality of soil or its fertility is known as soil pollution . Generally polluted water also pollutes soil, and it occurs as a result of over- grazing, over- farming, or mining activities. The notable causes of soil pollution include agricultural farming activities, waste dumping on land, industrial activities, mining, and acid rain, Solid waste is a mixture of plastics, cloth, glass, metal and organic matter, sewage, sewage sludge, building debris, generated from households, commercial and industries establishments add to soil pollution.

18. Fly ash, iron and steel slag, medical and industrial wastes disposed on land are important sources of soil pollution. In addition, fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural use which reach soil as run- off and land filling by municipal waste are growing cause of soil pollution. Acid rain and dry deposition of pollutants on land surface also contribute to soil pollution. Effects of soil pollution include the effect on the health of humans, effect on the growth of plants, decreased soil fertility, toxic dust, changes in soil structure, etc. Massive cutting of trees, referred to as deforestation is a major contributor of land pollution.

19. It is important to understand that all soils contain compounds that are harmful/toxic to human beings and other living organisms. However, the concentration of such substances in unpolluted soil is low enough that they do not pose any threat to the surrounding ecosystem. When the concentration of one or more such toxic substances is high enough to cause damage to living organisms, the soil is said to be contaminated. The root cause of soil pollution is often one of the following: Agriculture (excessive/improper use of pesticides) Excessive industrial activity Poor management or inefficient disposal of waste The challenges faced in soil remediation (decontamination of soil) are closely related to the extent of soil pollution. The greater the contamination, the greater the requirement of resources for remediation.

20. What are the Pollutants that Contaminate Soil? Some of the most hazardous soil pollutants are xenobiotics – substances that are not naturally found in nature and are synthesized by human beings. The term ‘xenobiotic’ has Greek roots – ‘Xenos’ (foreigner), and ‘Bios’ (life). Several xenobiotics are known to be carcinogens. An illustration detailing major soil pollutants is provided below.

21. Sources of soil pollution Plastic bags – Plastic bags made from low density polyethylene (LDPE), is virtually indestructible, create colossal environmental hazard. The discarded bags block drains and sewage systems. Leftover food, vegetable waste etc. on which cows and dogs feed may die due to the choking by plastic bags. Plastic is non- biodegradable and burning of plastic in garbage dumps release highly toxic and poisonous gases like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, phosgene, dioxine and other poisonous chlorinated compounds.

22. Industrial sources – It includes fly ash, chemical residues, metallic and nuclear wastes. Large numbers of industrial chemicals, dyes, acids, etc., find their way into the soil and are known to create many health hazards including cancer. Agricultural sources – Agricultural chemicals especially fertilizers and pesticides pollute the soil. Fertilizers in the runoff water from these fields can cause eutrophication in water bodies. Pesticides are highly toxic chemicals which affect humans and other animals adversely causing respiratory problems, cancer and death.

23. Radiation pollution or (Radioactive/ Nuclear Pollution) Like any other kind of pollution is the release of something unwanted into the environment and, in this case, the unwanted thing is radioactive material. Radiation is a form of energy travelling through space, It’s the presence of radiation activity in a particular environment, above the limit and harmful to humans and organisms. Energy can be transported either in form of electromagnetic waves (radiations) or a stream of energetic particles, which can be electrically charged or neutral. The radiations emanating from the decay of radioactive nuclides are major sources of radiation pollution.

24. Radiation pollution can be defined as the emission of high energy particles or radioactive substance into air, water or land due to human activities in the form of radioactive waste. Radiation pollution is the increase in over the natural background radiation. There are many sources of radiation pollution such as nuclear wastes from nuclear power plants, mining and processing of nuclear material etc. The worst case of nuclear pollution was the Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine occurred in 1986 but the effects still longer today and The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster at 2011 in japan.

25. EFFECT OF RADIATION POLLUTION Radioactive pollution primarily impacts health, contributing to the rise of illnesses such as lung cancer, skin cancer and thyroid cancer, along with birth defects and cognitive disabilities. The type and severity of effects from radioactive pollution vary, depending on the quantity of pollution and amount of exposure. Long- term exposure might cause an increase in the number of genetic birth defects and mutations in a population, while acute exposure poses health risks, such as higher incidences of cancer within a population.

26. Thermal pollution It denotes the sudden increase or drops off in the hotness of a natural body of water which may be ocean, lake, river, sea or pond by human influence. When the quality of water is degraded as results of modification in close water temperature it's referred to as pollution that affects the water quality and that type water termed anomaly for consumption is significantly for drinking purpose.

27. A rise in the optimum water temperature through a method (steel factories, power homes, and energy plants) might even be stated as "Thermal Pollution." A general reason of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and business firms. Many industries produce their own power and avail water in cooling the generator. This hot water is discharged into a system from where it completely was drawn, inflicting a warming trend of surface water.

28. Major effects of thermal pollution Few major effects of thermal pollution are explained below: Contamination of water Depleted level of oxygen in natural water Thermal shock which results in increase in temperature in water bodies Decreased solubility of oxygen Adverse effect on water plants Adverse effect on water animals Unexpected migration of water animals Unfavorable effect on water biodiversity Effect on population of water animals Disturbance in biological activities of water animals

29. Marine pollution or (Ocean Pollution) Ocean is an ideal place to dump all the man wastes, is home to millions of fish, crustaceans, mammals, microorganisms, and plants. It is a vital source of food for both animals and people. Thousands of birds rely on the sea for their daily food supplies. Fishermen throughout the world catch over 90 million tons of fish every year, and in many developing countries, fish is the principal source of protein. Oceans are the large area on the planet that covers more than one- third of the earth’s total surface. However, the increasing human activities have affected them greatly and lead to the marine pollution or ocean.

30. Marine pollution can be defined as "Introduction of man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries) resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources, hazard to human health, hindrance to marine activities including fishing, impairment of quality for use of sea- water, and reduction of amenities." Marine pollution is the harmful entry into the ocean of chemicals or particles. A big problem is that many toxins adhere to tiny particles which are taken up within a few days by plankton1 and benthos animals, most of which are filter feeders, concentrating upward within ocean food chains.

31. Light pollution Light pollution is any artificial light that spills into the environment. It is a broad term that denotes many problems that are caused by the useless, ugly, and pointless use of artificial light. Specific class of light pollution consists of light trespass, over- illumination, glare, light clutter, and sky glow. Insects are massive victims of light pollution, also for humans, light pollution changes diurnal rhytms (sleep, feed periods, awakness, perpetual exostion, etc.).besides Light pollution effect on women and children.

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