3078274f-f378-4367-ae39-0130b606bd10.pptx

VLSI notes

1. Semiconductor and VLSI Chip Design: Verilog Digital system Design SYNTHESIS, TESTBENCH AND VERIFICATION Dr. Kuldeep Singh, Dept. of ECE, GJUST Hisar

2. Outlines About the Program Why build expertise in VLSI? Why now? What specialized roles in VLSI can tech professionals transition to? VLSI field, supports for engineer, knowledge, and requirements? VLSI Design? VLSI Design, Trends and scope How to Make VLSI? Or How to Develop Chips What is inside a VLSI Chip? Digital System and Design Electronics: VLSI Evolution 2 8/1/2023

3. About the Program Progress in artificial intelligence (AI) is creating new demand for VLSI and semiconductors and thus new industry growth and innovation. However, the future also holds opportunities for new and exciting applications of semiconductor and VLSI technology within existing industries. The development of 5G/6G wireless cellular technology, for example, portends new applications for semiconductors and VLSI within the communications industry. Keeping in view of this, it is proposed to organize a summer internship program on “Verilog Digital System Design, Synthesis and Verification” from26.06.2023-25.07.2023 by the department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, GJUST Hisar. The main objective of the internship program is to train and inculcate the skills for Semiconductor and VLSI Chip Design and highlight the emerging trends of technology in this field. This program is oriented to train UG/PG/Research Scholar students. 3 8/1/2023

4. Why build expertise in VLSI? Why now? VLSI, along with embedded software development, and hardware/board design is at the heart of the chip design industry. It is an integral part of the Electronic Systems Design and Manufacturing (ESDM) sector. Some of the important developments listed here indicate that the sector is transforming lives, businesses, and economies across the world. The global semiconductor industry is poised for a decade of growth and is projected to become a trillion-dollar industry by 2030. (~ McKinsey & Company). With the Government of India making electronics production a vital pillar of many initiatives such as ‘Make in India,’ ‘Digital India,’ and ‘Startup India,’ this sector holds critical importance in the government’s goal of generating $1 tn of economic value from the digital economy by 2025. There are more than 100 global companies in India that predominantly work in VLSI, such as Intel, Qualcomm, Cypress Semiconductor, AMD, NXP, Broadcom/ Avago, Maxilinear , STMicroelectronics, Texas Instruments, Analog Devices, MediaTech , and Redpine Signals, to name a few. With rapid innovation and global production shifting from the USA and Europe to Asia, this sector is creating tremendous opportunities for professionals and entrepreneurs, especially in Asian countries like India, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, China, etc. This is the right time for current and aspiring VLSI professionals and entrepreneurs to invest in building expertise and tap into the promising opportunities that this sector offers. 4 8/1/2023

5. What specialized roles in VLSI can tech professionals transition to? The VLSI field is highly technical, and there are massive opportunities in the semiconductor industry for professionals with the right set of expertise. Some specialized roles that professionals can transition to are, 5 8/1/2023 VLSI Board Design Architect (System Designer) (965+ openings) IP Design/Verification Engineer (479+ openings) AMS Designer (118+ openings) Analog Circuit Designer (161+ openings) ASIC Designer (289+ openings) DFT Engineer (3000 + openings) AMS Verification Engineer (148+ openings) ASIC Verification Engineer (675+ openings) EDA Tool Validation Engineer (3000+ openings) FPGA Back-end Verification Engineer (385+ openings) FPGA Designer (1000+ openings) VLSI front end Digital Designer (127+ openings) VLSI Micro-architecture Designer (100+ openings) VLSI Back end Digital Designer (100+ openings)

6. VLSI field, supports for engineer, knowledge, and requirements? The VLSI field is vast, and there are massive opportunities for career in the semiconductor and VLSI industry for Engineers with the right set of expertise. Some set of knowledge, skills and expertise required for VLSI are: 6 8/1/2023 Digital Integrated Circuit Design CMOS standard cell characteristics Delay calculation (Elmore model, Logical Effort) Low power design Static Timing Analysis Digital ASIC design flow Analog Integrated Circuit Design Device Physics of the MOSFET Physics Insights: MOSFET as a Switch Analytical Techniques: Low and High frequency analysis, Noise analysis Feedback OPAMP Design Oscillators and Phase Locked Loops Analog Integrated Circuits Beyond Silicon Emerging Technologies Open Source Processor Architecture (RISC-V) Neuromorphic Computing Edge Computing Flexible Electronics Advanced Digital Design and FPGA based Design VLSI Micro-architecture Design Timing Closure High Throughput Computing FPGA Based System Design Processor Design

7. VLSI Design? Very large-scale integration is a process of embedding or integrating hundreds of thousands of transistors onto a singular silicon semiconductor microchip. Today numbers of Trillion Transistor on single Chip- Cerebras System AI Chip (WSE-2)-2.6 Trillion, 850000 Cores, 40 GB on chip memory, 20 petabytes per second (inch square area) VLSI technology's conception dates back to the late 1970s when advanced level processor (computer) microchips were also in their development stages (where numbers of transistors were in 1000. (mm/cm sq) Two of the most common VLSI devices are the microprocessor and the microcontroller. The remarkable growth of the electronics industry is primarily due to the advances in large-scale integration technologies. With the arrival of VLSI designs, the number of possibilities for ICs in control applications, telecommunications, high-performance computing, and consumer electronics as a whole continues to rise. Presently, technologies like smartphones and cellular communications afford unprecedented portability, processing capabilities, and application access due to VLSI technology. The forecast for this trend indicates a rapid increase as demands continue to increase. 7 8/1/2023

8. 8 8/1/2023 Dr. Kuldeep Singh, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE, GJUST Hisar

9. VLSI Design, Trends and scope Experts believe that a major breakthrough is coming in the near future for new semiconductor technologies and applications? Progress in artificial intelligence (AI) is creating new demand for semiconductors and thus new industry growth and innovation. However, the future also holds opportunities for new and exciting applications of semiconductor technology within existing industries. The development of (5G/6G) wireless cellular technology, for example, portends new applications for semiconductors within the communications industry. Rapidly developing demands for video game consoles and televisions with high-quality video streaming will also create more demand for semiconductors. Emerging industries use semiconductors? AI, for example, promises to drive major expansion of the semiconductor industry due to high demand. The coming years will witness a huge spike in demand for AI-tailored semiconductors as connectivity, sensing, and instant computing become increasingly central to everyday devices. Semiconductors already play a prominent role in the technology that people use every day; but as technology continues to expand and transform at a rapid pace, particularly through the Internet of Things, semiconductors promise to follow. 9 8/1/2023

10. VLSI Design, Trends and scope 10 8/1/2023

11. VLSI Design, Trends and scope 11 8/1/2023

12. VLSI Design, Trends and scope Algorithms: Computer Vision, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence System Design: VLSI based Hardware Accelerators, Prototyping with FPGAs Design Methodologies: Embedded Implementations using GPUs, CPUs, and FPGAs. AI/ML Algorithms and Applications in VLSI Design and Technology AI/ML Algorithms, methodologies and Applications in Embedded System Design AI-enabled Technologies and Systems (AITS) 12 8/1/2023

13. VLSI Design, Trends and scope Algorithms: Computer Vision, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence System Design: VLSI based Hardware Accelerators, Prototyping with FPGAs Design Methodologies: Embedded Implementations using GPUs, CPUs, and FPGAs. AI/ML Algorithms and Applications in VLSI Design and Technology AI/ML Algorithms, methodologies and Applications in Embedded System Design AI-enabled Technologies and Systems (AITS) 13 8/1/2023

14. Applications of AI and machine learning in semiconductor design Increasing research and design costs for each new technology node Shortening product life cycles and time to market Optimizing portfolios and efficiency during the research and chip-design phase Eliminating defects, accelerating yield ramp-up, and decreasing costs Enhancing memory systems, data movement, and power efficiency Exploring new materials and devices for ultra-wide-bandgap semiconductors 14 8/1/2023

15. How AI/ML can help optimize portfolios and improve efficiency during the research and chip-design phase 15 8/1/2023 Providing data-driven insights and recommendations for portfolio optimization. AI/ML can analyze market trends, customer needs, competitor strategies, technology roadmaps, and other relevant data to help semiconductor companies identify the most promising opportunities and allocate resources accordingly. AI/ML can also help semiconductor companies monitor and evaluate their portfolio performance and adjust their plans as needed. Automating and accelerating the design process. AI/ML can automate and speed up many tasks in the design process, such as circuit optimization, layout generation, verification, etc. AI/ML can also help designers explore more design options and find optimal solutions faster and more accurately. AI/ML can also help designers avoid or fix errors, bugs, or defects that may cause delays or failures in the design process. Enhancing collaboration and communication among designers. AI/ML can facilitate collaboration and communication among designers by providing common platforms, tools, and languages for data sharing, analysis, visualization, feedback, etc. AI/ML can also help designers learn from each other’s experiences and best practices and leverage collective intelligence.

16. How AI/ML can help eliminate defects, accelerate yield ramp-up, and decrease costs 16 8/1/2023 Detecting and classifying defects automatically and accurately. AI/ML can use computer vision to analyze images of chips or wafers and identify any defects or anomalies that may affect their performance or functionality. AI/ML can also classify the defects according to their type, severity, location, cause, etc. This can help semiconductor companies reduce manual inspection efforts, improve quality control, and prevent faulty products from reaching customers. Optimizing and controlling process parameters. AI/ML can use data analytics to monitor and adjust the process parameters that affect the quality and yield of chips or wafers, such as temperature, pressure, voltage, etc. AI/ML can also use predictive modeling to anticipate and prevent potential issues or failures that may occur during the production process. This can help semiconductor companies improve process stability, efficiency, and consistency. Enhancing yield learning and ramp-up. AI/ML can use machine learning to learn from historical data and feedback and improve the production process over time. AI/ML can also use data mining to discover patterns and correlations among various factors that influence the yield of chips or wafers, such as design features, process steps, equipment settings, environmental conditions, etc. This can help semiconductor companies identify and eliminate yield limiters, optimize their product portfolio, and accelerate their time to market.

17. How to Make VLSI? Or How to Develop Chips 17 8/1/2023 The Design Process of a VLSI IC Overall, VLSI IC design incorporates two primary stages or parts Front-End Design: This includes digital design using a hardware description language, for example, Verilog, System Verilog, and VHDL. Furthermore, this stage encompasses design verification via simulation and other verification techniques. The entire process also incorporates designing, which starts with the gates and continues through to design for testability. Back-End Design: This consists of characterization and CMOS library design. Additionally, it involves fault simulation and physical design. VLSI is the LEVEL of COMLEXITY and INTEGRATION on a single chip that demand EDA Tools in order to succeed in the target

18. How to Make VLSI? Or How to Develop Chips 18 8/1/2023 The entire design process follows a step-by-step approach, and the following are the front-end design steps: Problem Specification: This is a high-level interpretation of a system. We address the key parameters, such as design techniques, functionality, performance, fabrication technology, and physical dimensions. The final specifications include the power, functionality, speed, and size of the VLSI system. Architecture Definition: This includes fundamental specifications such as floating-point units and which system to use, such as RISC or CISC and ALU's cache size. Functional Design: This recognizes the vital functional units of a system and, thus, enables identification of each unit's physical and electrical specifications and interconnect requirements. Logic Design: This step involves control flow, Boolean expressions, word width, and register allocation. Circuit Design: This step performs the realization of the circuit in the form of a netlist. Since this is a software step, it utilizes simulation to check the outcome. Physical Design: In this step, we create the layout by converting the netlist into a geometrical depiction. This step also follows some preconceived static rules, such as the lambda rules, which afford precise details of the ratio, spacing between components, and size.

19. How to Make VLSI? Or How to Develop Chips 19 8/1/2023 The following are the back-end design steps for hardware development

20. How to Make VLSI? Or How to Develop Chips 20 8/1/2023 The following are the fabrication steps for hardware development: Wafer Processing: This step utilizes pure silicon melted in a pot at 1400º C. Then, a small seed comprising the required crystal orientation is injected into liquefied silicon and gradually pulled out, 1mm per minute. We manufacture the silicon crystal as a cylindrical ingot and cut it into discs or wafers before polishing and crystal orientation. Lithography: This process (photolithography) includes masking with photo etching and a photographic mask. Next, we apply a photoresist film on the wafer. A photo aligner then aligns the wafer to a mask. Finally, we expose the wafer to ultraviolet light, thus highlighting the tracks through the mask. Etching: Here, we selectively remove material from the surface of the wafer to produce patterns. With an etching mask to protect the essential parts of the material, we use additional plasma or chemicals to remove the remaining photoresist. Ion Implantation: Here, we utilize a method to achieve a desired electrical characteristic in the semiconductor, i.e., a process of adding dopants. The process uses a beam of high-energy dopant ions to target precise areas of the wafer. The beam's energy level determines the depth of wafer penetration. Metallization: In this step, we apply a thin layer of aluminum over the entire wafer. Assembly and Packaging: Every one of the wafers contains hundreds of chips. Therefore, we use a diamond saw to cut the wafers into single chips. Afterward, they receive electrical testing, and we discard the failures. In contrast, those that pass receive a thorough visual inspection utilizing a microscope. Finally, we package the chips that pass the visual inspection as well as recheck them. Start with ingot of pure silicon Saw into wafers & polish Early wafers: 50mm Now 300-450 mm

21. How to Make VLSI? Or How to Develop Chips 21 8/1/2023 The following are the fabrication steps for hardware development: Chemical processing steps based on photolithography Ion implantation Etching a deposited film SiO 2 , polysilicon, metal

22. What is inside a Chips? 22 8/1/2023 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdqbLmdKgw4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U885cIhOXBM

23. Digital System and Design? 23 8/1/2023

24. Digital System and Design? 24 8/1/2023

25. Digital System and Design? 25 8/1/2023

26. What is Design? 26 8/1/2023 It is a representation or view of some defined specifications in order to target some requirements The three most common representation of Design are Behavioral -- as a black box Structural -- define black box as a set of component and interconnection Physical – dimensions and location These representations or views differ in the type of information that they emphasis

27. Digital System? 27 8/1/2023 Digital Systems Inputs and outputs: Finite numbers of discrete values Analog Systems Inputs and outputs values from a continuous (infinite) set MAIN USE OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS: INFORMATION PROCESSING (text, audio, visual, video) TRANSMISSION (communication) STORAGE

28. Introduction to Digital System? 28 8/1/2023 Description and design of digital systems Formal basis: switching algebra IMPLEMENTATION: MODULES (ICs) AND NETWORKS Implementation of algorithms in “hardware” known as CHIP (IC)/ASIC

29. System and Signal? 29 8/1/2023

30. Digital ? 30 8/1/2023 FOR BOTH NUMERICAL AND NONNUMERICAL INFORMATION PROCESSING INFORMATION PROCESSING CAN USE A GENERAL-PURPOSE SYSTEM (a computer) DIGITAL REPRESENTATION: – vector of signals with just two values (binary signals) Example: digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 vector 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 – All signals binary – Simple devices to process binary signals: (SWITCHES with two STATES: open and closed).

31. Digital ? 31 8/1/2023 DIGITAL SIGNALS INSENSITIVE TO VARIATIONS OF COMPONENT PARAMETER VALUES DIGITAL REPRESENTATION

32. Digital ? 32 8/1/2023 Numerical digital systems can be made MORE ACCURATE by simply increasing the number of digits used in the representation. PHENOMENAL ADVANCES OF MICROELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY: • Possible to fabricate extremely complex digital systems, which are small, fast, and cheap • Digital systems built as integrated circuits composed of a large number of very simple devices

33. Electronics: VLSI Evolution 33 8/1/2023 A Brief History and Evolution of Electronics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cto8IXH0a_o The Disappearing Computer: An Exclusive Preview of Humane’s Screenless Tech | Imran Chaudhri | TED https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMsQO5u7-NQ