339200963_pencernaan_hewan_dan_manusia1.ppt

sistem pencernaan hewan

1. BIOLOGI
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sumber : CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS 4
th
Edition Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
Terjemahan Bebas : Budi Mulyana, S.Pd - SMA Negeri 2 Aikmel
Sistem Pencernaan Makanan

2. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Menjelaskan struktur dan fungsi organ
manusia dan hewan tertentu, kelainan/
penyakit yang mungkin terjadi serta
implikasinya pada salingtemas
STANDAR KOMPETENSI

3. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Menjelaskan keterkaitan antara struktur,
fungsi dan proses serta kelainan/penyakit yang
dapat terjadi pada sistem pencernaan makanan
pada manusia dan hewan (misalnya
ruminansia)
KOMPETENSI DASAR

4. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Penggolongan hewan
berdasarkan jenis
makanannya
–Herbivores pemakan
tumbuhan
–Carnivores pemakan
daging
–Omnivores pemakan segala
(daging dan tumbuhan)
Hewan makan dengan berbagai cara
OBTAINING AND PROCESSING FOOD
Figure 21.1A

5. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Kebanyakan hewan makan dalam jumlah yang
besar
Figure 21.1E

6. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
–Beberapa hewan
memakan larutan,
mengambil partikel
yang terlarut dalam
air
Figure 21.1B, C
–Beberapa memakan
substrat, hidup di
dalam atau pada
sumber makanannya

7. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
–Beberapa makan
cairan dengan cara
menghipa cairan
makananannya
Figure 21.1D

8. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pengolahan makanan dalam empat tahapan
Figure 21.2
1INGESTI 2DIGESTI 3ABSORPSI 4ELIMINASI
Food
Pemecahan
Mekanik
Pieces
of food
Pemecahan Kimia
(enzymatic hydrolysis)
Small
molecules
Nutrient
molecules
enter body
cells Undigested
material

9. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Makan dicerna didalam saluran pencernaan
dengan bantuan enzim-enzim pencerna
•Hewan memiliki saluran pencernaan yang
khusus
21.3 Digestion occurs in specialized compartments

10. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Hewan rendah memiliki kantung pencerna
dengan satu lubang
–Ini dinamakan sebagai rongga gastrovascular
–Contoh : hydra
Figure 21.3A
Tentacle
Mouth
Food
(Daphnia,
a water
flea)
Gastro-
vascular
cavity
Food
particle
Engulfment
of food
particle
Digestion in
food vacuole
Flagella
Hydrolytic
enzymes

11. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Pada beberapa hewan, Alat pencerna makanan
hanya berupa saluran pencernaan saja
–Hanya berupa saluran dari mulut menuju anus
–Saluran ini terpisah menjadi bagian khusus yang
mengolah makanan secara terpisah
Figure 21.3B
EARTHWORM
Pharynx
Esophagus
Crop
Mouth
Gizzard
Intestine
Anus
Wall of intestine
Interior of intestine

12. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 21.3B (cont)
GRASSHOPPER
Mouth
Esophagus
Gizzard
Crop
Gastric pouches
Intestine
Stomach
Anus
BIRD
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Gizzard
Crop
Intestine
Anus

13. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Pada saat makanan dikunyah maka akan masuk
ke dalam saluran pencernaan dengan gerakan
peristaltik
–Gerakan peristaltik adalah kontraksi dinding
otot saluran pencernaan yang teratur
–Otot spingter mengatur pergerakan makanan
pada saluran pencernaan
Sistem pencernaan manusia tersusun dari saluran
dan kelenjar pencerna
SISTEM PENCERNAAN MANUSIA

14. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 21.4
Mouth
Tongue
Salivary
glands
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Gall-
bladder
Pancreas
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Small
intestine
Stomach
Pyloric
sphincter
Anus
Rectum

15. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Barisan gigi melumat dan menghancurkan
makanan
•Air ludah (saliva) membantu melunakkannya
•Enzim saliva mulai membantu menguraikan
karbohidrat/pati
•Lidah membantu membolak-balikkan makanan
dan membantu menelan
Pencernaan dimulai pada rongga mulut

16. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 21.5
TEETH
Incisors
Canine
Premolars
Molars
“Wisdom”
tooth
Tongue
Salivary
glands
Opening of a
salivary gland duct

17. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Reflek menelan menggerakan makanan dari
pharynx ke dalam kerongkongan/esophagus
–Pada saat hal ini terjadi makanan juga dijaga
supaya tidak masuk ke dalam tenggorokan
21.6 The food and breathing passages both open
into the pharynx

18. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 21.6
Sphincter contracted
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
(windpipe)
Tongue
Sphincter relaxed
Larynx
up
Epiglottis
down
Esophagus
Sphincter contracted
Larynx
down
Bolus of food
Epiglottis
up
Esophageal
sphincter
Esophagus

19. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Gerakan peristalsis pada esophagus mendorong
bolus makanan ke dalam lambung
21.7 The esophagus squeezes food along to the
stomach
Figure 21.7
Circular
muscle layer
Longitudinal
muscle layer
Bolus of
food
Longitudinal
muscles
contract,
shortening
passageway
ahead of bolus
Stomach
Relaxed
muscles
Circular
muscles
contract,
constricting
passageway
and pushing
bolus down
Relaxed
muscles

20. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Lambung mencampur makanan dengan cairan
gastric
–Cairan gastrik terdiri dari pepsin, yang
mengawali proses penghancuran protein
Lambung menghancurkan makanan dengtan
enzim-enzim dan asam

21. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 21.8
Food particle
Pyloric
sphincter
STOMACH
Gastric
juice
Interior surface
of stomach
Gastric
gland
Pits
Gastric juice
(mucus, HCI,
and pepsinogen)
Epithelium
Chief cells
Pariental cells
Pepsinogen
1
2
3
HCI
Pepsin (active
enzyme)
Mucous
cells

22. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•New evidence suggests that a spiral-shaped
prokaryote causes gastric ulcers
–Helicobacter pylori growth erodes protective
mucus and damages the stomach lining
21.9 Connection: Bacterial infections can cause
ulcers

23. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Alkaline pancreatic juice neutralizes stomach
acids
–Its enzymes digest polysaccharides, proteins,
nucleic acids, and fats
•Bile emulsifies fat droplets for attack by
pancreatic enzymes
–It is made in the liver and stored in the gall
bladder
21.10 The small intestine is the major organ of
chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

24. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 21.10A
Liver
Bile
Gall-
bladder
Bile
Duodenum of
small intestine
Acid chyme
Stomach
Pancreas

25. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Enzym dinding usus halus mencerna bahan
makanan menjadi sari-sari makanan
Table 21.10

26. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Dinding usus halus berlipat-lipat dan dilapisi
oleh lapisan kecil seperti jari yang disebu villi
–Villi memperluas permukaan penyerapan
•Sari-sari makanan yang meliwati epitel vili akan
masuk ke dalam saluran darah
–Darah mengalir menuju hati
–Di hati sari-sari makanan diambil dan diolah
kembali menjadi zat-zat yang dibutuhkan oleh
tubuh

27. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 21.10B
Muscle
layers
Circular folds
Villi
INTESTINAL WALL
Blood vessel
with blood
en route to
the liver
INTERIOR OF INTESTINE
Nutrient
absorption
Epithelial
cells
Lumen
Blood
capillaries
Lymph
vessel
Nutrient
absorption
VILLI
Nutrient
absorption
Microvilli
EPITHELIAL
CELLS

28. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Bahan makanan
yang tidak
dicerna
dimasukkan ke
dalam colon
(usus besar)
dimana terjadi
–Penyerapan Sisa
air
–ProduksiFeces
Usus Besar melakukan penyerapan air
Figure 21.11
Large
intestine
(colon)
End
of small
intestine
Nutrient
flow
Appendix
Cecum
Anus
Rectum
Small
intestine

29. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Herbivora dan omnivora biasanya memiliki
saluran pencernaan yan glebih pancang
cibandingkan karnivora
–Bagian tubuh tumbuhan lebih sulit dicerna
daripada daging
–Nilai gizi pada sayuran are less concentrated
daripada daging
Adaptasi pencernaan pada hewan vertebrata
ADAPTASI PENCERNAAN

30. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 21.12ACARNIVORE HERBIVORE
Small
intestine
Stomach
Cecum
Colon
(large
intestine)
Small intestine

31. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Beberapa mamalia mengolah selulosa dengan
bantuan mikroba pada usus besar atau cecum
–Cecum adalah kantung tempat pertemuan usus
halus dan usus besar
–Contoh : pada kuda dan gajah
•Mamalia lain mengolah ulang kotoran mereka
untuk diambil nutrients-nya
–Contoh : Kelinci dan beberapa rodentia

32. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Ruminansia misalnya sapi memproses selulosa
dalam lambung yang terbagi ke dalam empat
ruang
Figure 21.12B
Intestine
3Omasum 1Rumen
4Abomasum
Rumen
Esophagus
2Reticulum