3D bioprinting

hashim salim
[email protected]
Whether due to illness or injury, organ failure is a worldwide problem and its only treatment is organ transplantation or tissue replacement. Although it’s the only solution in these cases, organs demand greatly surpasses the supply. Organs are usually obtained from people who recently have died (up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat) or from people who are clinically brain dead and their body functions are maintained artificially, nevertheless living organ donation is becoming more frequent [1]. The increase of the organ demand has been raising ethical concerns, since this can result in offers or incentives for donation, profit on donated human organs or even exploitation of the disadvantaged. In the developed world most countries have a legal system that oversee organ transplantation, however in poorer countries a black market has been arising, enabling those who can afford to buy organs, exploiting those who are desperate enough to sell them

1. 3D BIO-PRINTING TECHNOLOGY Guided by, Mrs. DEEPA SUSAN GEORGE ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ECE DEPARTMENT Presented by, HASHIM SALIM S7 ECE A 12010516 Department Of Electronics and communication 1

2. STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION Introduction Organ transplantation Tissue engineering Applications of 3D printing Bio printing Qualities of this technique Method of bio-printing Bio printer Steps of bio printing Result Advantage and disadvantage Conclusion Department Of Electronics and communication 2

3. INTRODUCTION 3D BIO-PRINTING   is the three-dimensional printing of biological tissue and organs through the layering of living cells . It is mainly divided into two : ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION It refers to transplantation of organs due to organ failure or injury. TISSUE ENGINEERING It is the study of the growth of new connective tissue, or organs, from cells . Department Of Electronics and communication 3

4. Organ failure is a worldwide problem and its only treatment is organ transplantation or tissue replacement ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION Department Of Electronics and communication 4

5. Focuses on the association of living cells with signaling molecules and supports, known as scaffolds. Importance of scaffolds 1. Substrate attachment is required for cell growth and proliferation. TISSUE ENGINEERING Department Of Electronics and communication 5

6. 2. Tissue construct must have organ specific shape, the shape of the construct will influence the cell behavior; 3 . The scaffold serves not only as an attachment substrate, but also as a source of inductive signals for cell differentiation, migration, proliferation and orientation; 4 . The mechanical properties provided initially by the scaffold will be maintained. Contd … Department Of Electronics and communication 6

7. Applications of 3D printing Jewellery Tools Department Of Electronics and communication 7

8. Applications of 3D printing Fashion Architecture Department Of Electronics and communication 8

9. Applications of 3D printing ( Our Focus: Bioprinting) Organs Medical Applications Department Of Electronics and communication 9

10. Bio printing is an automated computer aided layer-by-layer deposition of biological materials for manufacturing of functional human organs . BIO-PRINTING Department Of Electronics and communication 10

11. BEST QUALITIES OF THIS TECHNIQUES: RAPID PROTOTYPING HIGH RESOLUTION HIGH PRECISION COMPUTER CONTROL Department Of Electronics and communication 11

12. METHODS OF BIO PRINTIING LASER-BASED EXTRUSION BASED INKJET BASED Department Of Electronics and communication 13

13. LASER-BASED Uses laser assisted technology to project the ink droplets onto the substrate. Laser pulses trigger when hits the laser absorbing layer, the area where the laser hit evaporates and the high gas pressure generated propels the biomaterial onto the substrate. Department Of Electronics and communication 14

14. EXTRUSION-BASED Reduced amounts of shear stress. The bio ink rests at the cylindrical deposit waiting for the pneumatic or mechanical pressure, as pulse or continued, from a piston which propels the biomaterial through a nozzle onto the substrate . Department Of Electronics and communication 15

15. Inkjet-BASED Cheapest technology . In this method ,the bio ink is stored in a cartridge . These chambers are very small and have a controlled actuator (piezoelectric or heating element) that projects the bio- ink onto the substrate . Department Of Electronics and communication 16

16. BIO-PRINTER Department Of Electronics and communication 17

17. STEPS IN BIO PRINTING BUILDING A BIO PRINTER TESTING PHASE RESULTS Department Of Electronics and communication 18

18. BUILDING A BIO-PRINTER Bio printing aims to build an organ, layer by layer, using scanners and printers . The most important axes, X and Y, were built with 1 sheet of Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), also known as acrylic glass, with one stepper motor and rails to guide the printing head. For the Z axis, a different motor is needed since it had to support the weight of the print head. Department Of Electronics and communication 19

19. TESTING PHASE After the building process ,testing phase is processed. It is mainly to test the three axes and all the functioning of bio printer. Before the biological print process to get started the bio printer was set to print with the cartridge intact, with the factory ink it came with. This allowed to observe step loss or nozzle firing malfunction events in order to redefine the timing parameters and other algorithm parameters to ensure the system correct functioning. Department Of Electronics and communication 20

20. RESULTS Results for bio printing process are mainly divided into two : INK RESULTS BIO PRINTER RESULTS Department Of Electronics and communication 21

21. ADVANTAGES Replace human tissue by full body transplant. Allows scientists to eliminate the wait list of organ transplants · Higher survival rate of printed cells. Offers high precise resolution Department Of Electronics and communication 22

22. DISADVANTAGES Organ is not sure about whether they can fit into a human body . 3D printers can create dangerous items, such as guns and knives. Printing capabilities of complicated tissues . Department Of Electronics and communication 23

23. CONCLUSION With the continuous growth of the world’s population , and increase of human life expectancy, more cases of organ failure and tissue damage appear . Most common bio printing methods were described and discussed with their characteristics and limitations. In terms of future perspectives for this work, more bio print testing would be needed to be done to optimize the bio ink, substrate and the process parameters . Department Of Electronics and communication 24

24. REFERENCES M . Weber, et al., “Organ transplantation in the twenty-first century”, The Urologic clinics of North America, 1998. 25(1): p. 51-61. S . Steering Committee of the Istanbul, “Organ trafficking and transplant tourism and commercialism: the Declaration of Istanbul”, The Lancet. 372(9632): p. 5-6. Sixty-Third , W.H.A. and W.H. Organization, “WHO Guiding Principles on Human Cell, Tissue and Organ Transplantation. Cell and tissue banking”, 2010. 11(4): p. 413. J.R . Wolter , and R.F. Meyer, “Sessile macrophages forming clear endothelium-like membrane on inside of successful keratoprosthesis ”, Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc , 1984. 82: p. 187-202. M . Nakamura, Y. Nishiyama , and C. Henmi . “3D Micro-fabrication by Inkjet 3D biofabrication for 3D tissue engineering”, in MicroNanoMechatronics and Human Science, 2008. MHS 2008. International Symposium on. 2008. IEEE . Department Of Electronics and communication 25

25. Thank you