3D Printing Technology and its Applications on Agriculture

Digital fabrication technology, commonly known as 3D printing or additive manufacturing, uses progressive material addition to construct physical items from a geometrical representation (Shahrubudin et al. 2019). 3D printing technology is a used to create prototype rapidly. Recent years have seen the introduction of cutting-edge technologies like 3D printing, which have opened up fascinating new possibilities for the agricultural industry. In contrast to conventional manufacturing, which uses subtractive manufacturing to separate a component of a material from its larger part in order to generate a desired product, this technique significantly lowers wastage and lead time and produce complex shapes. In Agriculture, 3D printing is particularly useful for producing farming implements and replacement components without sacrificing quality. Due to their affordability and ease of printing, PLA and ABS thermoplastics are the most popular materials used for 3D printing in the agricultural industry (Crisostomo et al. 2021). The food sector primarily employs 3D printing to accelerate the modification of personal nutrition and to assist persons with swallowing problems in increasing their food intake. In terms of the environment, relevant use of additive manufacturing includes the manufacture of recycled filaments as well as sections of equipment used for air quality monitoring and wastewater treatment devices. A new research opportunity involves the use of 3D printing in soil science to study problems with carbon and nitrogen cycle and storage that have an impact on biomass production and biodiversity (Arrieta-Escobar et al. 2020).

1. 3D Printing Technology in Agriculture KAVIYARASAN G II M.Sc.(Ag.) SS&AC Tamil Nadu Agricultural University SAC 591 - Credit Seminar(0+1)

2. S. No Advisory Committee Name, Designation & Department 1 Chairperson Dr. C. SHARMILA RAHALE Assistant Professor (SS&AC) Centre for Agricultural Nano Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641003. 2 Members Dr. R. SHANMUGASUNDARAM Professor (SS&AC) Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641003. Dr. V. PALANISELVAM Associate Professor (Bio-energy) Department of Renewable Energy Engineering Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641003. Dr. N. SARANYA Assistant Professor (Bioinformatics) Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641003. Advisory committee

3. List of Contents

4. Introduction

5. Additive process – Object created by laying down successive layers of material in desired shapes. 3D printer uses Virtual, Mathematical model to construct a physical artifact. What is 3D Printing ?

6. Principle Behind 3D

7. 1987 1984 1981 1920 History Building on Ralf Baker’s Work – Making decorative articles (Patent US423647A) Hideo Kodama (Nagoya Municipal Industrial R.I) Laser cured resin rapid prototyping Stereolithography Chuck Hull First 3D Printer(STL)

8. 2005 1993 1992 Layer by layer prototype manufacturing Massachusetts Institute of Technology – Patented 3D – Differ from ink 2D. 3D Kidney - Miniature History 2002 Z corp – Spectrum Z510 – first HD colour 3D printer

9. 2012 2011 2009 2006 SLS (Selective Laser Synthesis) Cells to blood vessels – Bio-printing – Dr. Gabor Forgaus History First 3D printed Aircraft - Car – Gold first 3D printed Jaw prosthesis implant Dutch doctors & engineers – Layerwise

10. Growth It is seen that the 3D Printing industry is grown 300% Source : http://on3dprinting.com/2012/08/06/infographic-how-3d-printing-works-industry-growth-stocks-and-more/ Waller et al . (2020)

11. Funding Trends by Geography Investments ($M) in 3D Printing Stansbury et al . (2017)

12. Two Ways for Fabrication

13. How to do your 3D CAD Model? There exist several applications that you can use to design 3D models Solid Works AutoCAD Sketch up Autodesk123D Blender FreeCAD In Hack-a-Day blog you can find through introduction tutorials for each of the cited applications Just Google: “Hackaday 3D Printering: Making a Thing”

14. 3D – CAD Design Some other tools can be used to quickly turn an idea into a 3D model They already provide several 3D model templates as numbers, letters and common geometric figures Web browser based Very intuitive www.tinkercad.com www.3dtin.com www.thingiverse.com www.thingtracker.net/ www.youmagine.com/

15. 3D Printing Software Srinivasan et al. (2021)

16. The process of joining materials to make objects from 3D Model Data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing technologies. Mohamed et al . (2015) Additive Manufacturing

17. Steps for Additive Manufacturing Cura/ Repetier

18. How it Print..?

19. 01 3D Printing Process - Classification 06 05 04 02 03 FDM DIW Material Extrusion SLS SLM EBM Powder Bed Fusion Polyjet/Inkjet Printing (MJM) Material Jetting SLA Vat Photopolymerization Indirect Inkjet Printing (3DP) Binder Jetting EBW LENS Direct Energy Deposition

20. Additive Manufacturing Technologies and their Base Material Methods Material Fused Deposition Modeling Thermoplastic polymers Powder Bed Fusion (SLS,SLM) Compacted fine powder, Metal, Alloys,Ceramic,Polymer Materials Inkjet printing and contour grafting Dispersion of particle in liquid (Ink or Paste) Steriolithography A Resin with photoactive polymers Direct energy deposition Metals and alloys in the form of powder or wire Ceramics and polymers Laminated object manufacturing Polymer composites Ceramics Paper Metal-filled tapes Metal rolls

21. Common 3D Printing Technologies FFF or FDM – uses spools of filament. SLA – Solidifies photosensitive resin. PBF - Fuse particles with powerful laser. Material or binder jetting – tiny droplets of material are deposited onto a bed of powder. Srinivasan et al. (2021)

22. Source : Thermoplastic material The filament is heated at the nozzle to reach a semi-liquid state and then extruded on the platform Thermoplasticity of the polymer filament Filament fuse and Solidify Main challenges : Fibre orientation Bonding between the fibre and matrix and void formation. Fused Deposition Modeling

23. Fused Deposition Modeling

24. Travitsky et al . (2015) Fused Deposition Modeling Yap et al . (2015)

25. Thermoplastic Material Thermoplastic Material Melting Temperature Range (℃) Molding Temperature Range (℃) ACRYLIC 220-250 50-80 HDPE 210-270 20-60 LDPE 180-240 20-60 NYLON 6 230-290 40-90 POLYESTER PBT 240-275 60-90 PET (AMORPHOUS) 260-280 20-30 POLYPROPYLENE (COPOLYMER) 200-280 30-80 POLYSTYRENE 170-280 30-60 PVC P 170-190 20-40 SAN 200-260 50-85 TPE 260-320 40-70

26. Powder Bed Fusion Manapat et al . (2017)

27. Laser Sintering / Laser Melting

28. Electron Beam Melting

29. Inkjet Printing (Binder Jetting) Gibson et al . (2015) Kazemian et al . (2017)

30. Inkjet Printing (Material Jetting) Wholers et al . (2017)

31. Stereolithography

32. Digital Light Processing Martin et al . (2017) Digital Light Processing Digital Light Processing

33. Digital Light Processing Chaudhary et al., (2022)

34. Direct Energy Deposition

35. Direct Energy Deposition (EBAM) Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM)  The process focuses an electron beam on metal alloy feedstock in wire form, which is fed into the beam in a vacuum, creating a molten metal pool that solidifies immediately.

36. Selective Deposition Lamination (SDL)

37. Laminated object Manufacturing Ursan et al . (2016)

38. Real-3D Printing Machine

39. Upadhyay et al. (2007) SEM images of XZ Orientation

40. Global Technology Trends Javier et al . (2020)

41. 3D Printing in Agriculture

42. 3D Printing in Agriculture www.3dprinting.com

43. 3D Printing in Agriculture Tri-Claw fruit picker Mini – Shovel Shovel Handle Chicken feed holder Corn Shedder 1. 3. 2. 5. 4. Animal Husbandry Fruit picker J.M. Pearce (2015)

44. 3D Printing in Agriculture 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Sprinkler S- Higher outlet Drip set up Hose Splitter Soil Auger Bee hive Irrigation system Soil Science 6. J.M. Pearce (2015)

45. Crisostomo et al. (2021)

46. 3D Printing in Agriculture 1. 2. 3. Hydroponics Drone Cassava Grate Cow bells Hydroponics 4.

47. 3D Printing in Agriculture 3D Printing Helps Test Crop Seeding System https://www.usda.gov/

48. 3D Printing Technologies for Food Fabrication Jia et al . (2015)

49. Crisostomo et al. (2021)

50. Crisostomo et al. (2021) 3D Printing Technologies for Environment

51. General Applications

52. Architecture Shakir (2019)

53. A.M. in Aerospace Laser Sintered leap engine fuel nozzle FDM layup tool – Aircraft IR camera fairings SLS 3D - Small Jet engine World’s first 3D printed aircraft Model - SLS

54. Automobile

55. Artificial Organs Marjia et al . (2018)

56. 3D Printing of Nanomedicine Campell et al . (2013) Dudek et al . (2015)

57. 3D Printing for Surgical Model

58. Advantages Reduce costs and speed up the process. Increase innovation. More Mechanical properties. 3D models of buildings can be easily created. More complex - “Design Anywhere / Manufacture Anywhere”. DISADVANTAGES Construction of large parts is not possible but research are going to make large machines. Machine cost is high

59. SWOT analysis [ Quanjin et al. (2020)]

60. SCOPE OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING https://www.nasdaq.com/

61. Key Conclusion Emerging Market Potential • Aerospace, Agriculture, Automotive, Defense, Health care, Infrastructure, Manufacturing, Packaging, etc.., Evolving Ecosystem • Research laboratories, universities, and companies. Technology • 3D printing technology (software, hardware, 3D printing materials) is still in early phase of S-curve. Dominant hardware/software architecture yet to established. 3D printing smart materials is building up. 3D technology will be getting increasingly popular as the trends toward its integration with giant industries like manufacturing and healthcare, have increased.

62. Reference J.A. Arrieta-Escobar, et al .(2020), 3D printing: An emerging opportunity for soil science . Geoderma https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114588 J. M. Pearce (2015) , “Applications of Open Source 3-D Printing on Small Farms,” Organic Farming , vol. 1, issue 1, pp 19–35. 2015. Chaudhary et al. (2022) Additive manufacturing by digital light processing: a review. Progress in Additive Manufacturing (2023) 8:331–351. Crisostomo et al. (2021) 3D Printing Applications in Agriculture, Food Processing, and Environmental Protection and Monitoring. Advance Sustainable Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 3, No.2. T. D., Kashani et al. (2018). Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges. Composites Part B: Engineering, 143 , 172-196. Schubert et al . (2014). Innovations in 3D printing: a 3D overview from optics to organs. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 98 (2), 159-161. Grinberg et al . (2019). 4D Printing based piezoelectric composite for medical applications. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 57 (2), 109-115.

63. References No. of Research Articles 15 No. of Review Articles 08 No. of Book Chapters 02 Total 25