3rd ICESE2021 Conference PowerPoint Format.pptx

PPT PRESENTATION: TOXICITY AND CYTOTOXICITY EFFECTS OF SELECTED NANOPARTICLES: A REVIEW

1. ICESE202 1 TOXICITY AND CYTOTOXICITY EFFECTS OF SELECTED NANOPARTICLES: A REVIEW O. R. ODAUDU AND A. A. AKINSIKU* [email protected] DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY COVENANT UNIVERSITY, NIGERIA. 3 rd International Conference on Energy and Sustainable Environment ICESE 2021 HYBRID CONFERENCE: OCTOBER 26Th – 28TH, 2021.

2. 1. Table of Contents Background to the Study Statement of the Research Problem Aim and Objectives of the Study Scope of the Study Literature Review Gaps Identified in Literature Conclusion and Recommendation Future Research Perspective Acknowledgments

3. 2. Background to the Study Technology on a nanoscale. Nanotechnology has a diverse set of applications. How far can nanoparticles go in the body? How destructive can they be? The toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) has been linked to their form (size and shape), stabilisation/functionalisation technique, synthetic routes according to literature.

4. 3. Statement of Research Problem The applications of nanoparticles has cut across many fields of study; however, there is inadequate contextualization of the effects on human health and environment. Hence, this review is carried out to examine the toxicity and cytotoxicity effects of nanoparticles, and reveal the information gap in literature concerning the cause of nanoparticles toxicity.

5. 4. Aim and Objectives of the Study Aim To review the toxicity and cytotoxicity effects of some nanoparticles. The objectives include to: carry out a comprehensive study on previous toxicity and cytotoxicity reports on some nanoparticles. highlight the major cellular response to nanoparticle toxicity. observe the mechanisms, check for patterns and regularities in their modes of action.

6. 5. Scope of the Study This review focuses majorly on engineered nanoparticles. It encompass in vivo and in vitro study of some nanoparticles’ toxicity effect. It includes viewing patterns of operations and mechanisms of the toxicity and cytotoxicity effects of selected nanoparticles.

7. 6. Areas of Literature Reviewed Figure 1: Nanoparticle: Size, shape, surface functionalisation and material (Heinz et al., 2017)

8. 7. Gaps Identified in Literature The hazardous interaction of nanoparticles with biological systems is still unknown. Toxicity of nanoparticles has underlying effects that range from moderate to lethal. Cytotoxicity dependent on shape and size of nanoparticles. Toxicity increases with decrease in nanoparticle size (Jahan et al ., 2021)

9. 8. Methodology : Table 1: Cytotoxic effects of some nanoparticles Nanoparticle Type Shape Size (nm) Testing media Effect References Al 2 O 3 Crystalline 92.73 ± 8.95 In vitro Neuronal cell death. ( Kermani et al. , 2018) MWCNTs nanotube 10-20 In vivo Oxidative stress (Fang et al., 2021) Gold NPs crystalline 45–55 In vivo Cell proliferation ( Boldeiu et al . , 2019) Silver nanoparticles ( AgNPs ) nanostar 50 In vivo Abnormal Chromatin condensation ( Boldeiu et al. , 2019)

10. 9. Results and Discussion Scheme 1: Cytotoxicity dependent on surface charge

11. 10. Results and Discussion Contd . Mechanism of NPs uptake Negatively charged particles reduce cellular uptake and delocalizes to other body parts. Positively charged particles induce cellular uptake where toxic particles manifest

12. 11. Results and Discussion Contd . Scheme 2: Cellular responses to nanoparticle toxicity: ROS generation

13. 12. Results and Discussion Contd . Figure 2: Protein - nanoparticle interaction (source: Mohanbhai et al., 2021)

14. 13. Results and Discussion Contd . NPs Precursor material Method of synthesis and stabilisation Morphology Size (nm) Concentration (mg/mL) specimen Effect Method of detection   Al 2 O 3   Al(NO 3 ) 3 . 9H 2 O   Sol -Gel method   Cyrystalline Size-92.73 ± 8.95   0,5,10,20   In vitro   Tau folding and neuronal cell death.   fluorescence and CD spectroscopic methods Gold NPs     AuNPs@citrate   Turkevich synthesis   Crystalline, monodispersed and nanospheres size- 45 -55 0.2 In vivo Cell proliferation affected by observed changes in nucleic   CyQuant assay MTS assay   TiO 2 Purchased Unidentified   ultrasonication Anatase /rutile, 99þ%, 20 0.01 In vivo (carp) low mortality rate observation on juvenile carps weight loss on exposure to tio 2­ - TEM Fe NPs (SPIONs) Fe(acac) 3     Thermal decomposition DHP   30.0 0.08 In vitro (cancer cell) ROS generation, leading to cell death Fluorescence method Table 2: Toxicity Effects of Selected Nanoparticles

15. 14. Conclusion / Recommendations The hazardous interaction of nanoparticles with biological systems is still unknown, although it has underlying effects that range from moderate to lethal. From the literature so far, observed leading causes of nanoparticle toxicity are their most potent property like size, shape, surface functionalisation, and synthesis method. Hence, the green synthetic routes of nanoparticles should be embraced as the technique is considered safe and sustainable compared to other procedures.

16. 15. Contribution to Knowledge There exist genuine occurrences of nanoparticle toxicity and cytotoxicity. This review helps in contextualizing the inconsistency mechanism of NPs uptake, in terms of the source toxicity and cytotoxicity.

17. 16. Suggested Areas for Further Research Furthermore, more studies should be made on both human and other animal cells, with the goal of concluding the similarity in toxicity mechanisms and demonstrating the overestimation or underestimate of documented nanoparticle toxicity effects. Further long-term research should be conducted on the time-dependent effect of nanoparticle toxicities.

18. 18. Acknowledgments Firstly I want to thank the God of all possibilities and my family for their love and support. Secondly to the School Management and the centre for Research, Innovation and Discovery (CUCRID) for sponsoring this conference. My special thanks goes to Dr A. A. Akinsiku for her great input thereby making this review far more strainless than it should have been.

19. Selected References Heinz, H., Pramanik , C., Heinz, O., Ding, Y., Mishra, R. K., Marchon , D., Flatt, R. J., Estrela- Lopis , I., Llop , J., Moya, S., & Ziolo , R. F. (2017). Nanoparticle decoration with surfactants: Molecular interactions, assembly, and applications. Surface Science Reports , 72 (1), 1–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2017.02.001 Kermani , Z. R., Haghighi , S. S., Hajihosseinali , S., Fashami , A. Z., Akbaritouch , T., Akhtari , K., Shahpasand , K., & Falahati , M. (2018a). Aluminium oxide nanoparticles induce structural changes in tau and cytotoxicity of the neuroblastoma cell line. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules , 120 , 1140–1148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.182 Fang, R., Gong, J., Cao, W., Chen, Z., Huang, D., Ye, J., & Cai, Z. (2021). The combined toxicity and mechanism of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and nano copper oxide toward freshwater algae : Tetradesmus obliquus. Journal of Environmental Sciences , 112 , 376–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.05.020 Boldeiu , A., Simion , M., Mihalache , I., Radoi , A., Banu, M., Varasteanu , P., Nadejde , P., Vasile , E., Acasandrei , A., Popescu, R. C., Savu , D., & Kusko , M. (2019). Comparative analysis of honey and citrate stabilized gold nanoparticles: In vitro interaction with proteins and toxicity studies. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology , 197 (May), 111519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111519

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