4.Identification of axial bones(BP107).pptx

Axial bones, also known as the axial skeleton, refer to the central framework of bones in the human body that forms the central axis. These bones are primarily responsible for providing support and protection to vital organs, as well as facilitating various bodily functions. The axial skeleton includes the following bone structures:

1. Skull: The skull is made up of cranial bones that encase the brain and facial bones that support the facial features.

2.Vertebral Column (Spine): This is a series of vertebrae, including cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae, which provide support to the body and protect the spinal cord.

3. Ribs: The ribs are long, curved bones that protect the chest and its contents, such as the heart and lungs.

4. Sternum (Breastbone): The sternum is a flat bone in the front of the chest that supports the ribcage and provides attachment points for the ribs.

5. Hyoid Bone: The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue and aids in speech and swallowing.

The axial skeleton is essential for maintaining posture, protecting vital organs, and providing structural support for the head, neck, and trunk. It serves as the core upon which the rest of the body's bones, such as those of the appendicular skeleton (limb bones), attach. Understanding the anatomy of axial bones is crucial in the study of human biology and anatomy.

1. EXP:- Identification of axial bones

2. Requirements:- 1. Human skull model or chart 2. Human skeleton model or chart 3. Lab notebook or paper 4. Pen or pencil

3. Theory:- I dentification of axial bones is an essential skill in anatomy and is often performed in educational settings or healthcare professions. The axial skeleton comprises the bones of the central axis of the human body, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage. Here's a simplified guide for the identification of these axial bones

4. procedure

5. 1. Skull Identification:- a. Examine the human skull model or chart. b. Identify the major skull bones: Frontal bone: The bone at the front of the skull. Parietal bones (2): These form the upper sides and back of the skull. Temporal bones (2): Located on the sides and base of the skull. Occipital bone: The bone at the back of the skull. Sphenoid bone: Located at the base of the skull. Ethmoid bone: Situated in the front of the skull. c. Write down the names of these bones in your lab notebook.

6. 2. Vertebral Column Identification:- a. Examine the human skeleton model or chart to locate the vertebral column. b. Identify the major regions of the vertebral column: Cervical region: The neck area with seven cervical vertebrae. Thoracic region: The upper back with twelve thoracic vertebrae. Lumbar region: The lower back with five lumbar vertebrae. Sacral region: The fused sacral vertebrae. Coccygeal region: The fused coccygeal vertebrae. c. Write down the names of these regions in your lab notebook.

7. 3. Ribcage Identification:- a. Examine the human skeleton model or chart to locate the ribcage. b. Identify and distinguish between different types of ribs: True ribs (1-7): Directly attach to the sternum through costal cartilage. False ribs (8-12): Attach indirectly to the sternum or not at all. Floating ribs (11-12): Do not attach to the sternum. c. Write down the names and characteristics of these ribs in your lab notebook.

8. Review your lab notebook and diagrams to ensure accurate identification. Write a summary or conclusion in your lab notebook, emphasizing the significance of the axial bones in the human body's structure and protection of vital organs. By following this procedure, you will be able to successfully identify and understand the major bones of the axial skeleton. This knowledge is fundamental for various fields, including medicine, physical therapy, and anatomy education. Review and Conclusion:-

9. THANK YOU