422232676-19th-Century-as-Rizal-s-Context.pdf

Rizal

1. 19
th
Century
Philippines as
Rizal’s Context

2. Divided into 3 aspects:
-Economic
-Social
-Political

3. The Economic Context

4. End of Galleon Trade
•Spanish government closed the ports of Manila
to all countries except Mexico, thereby giving
birth to the Manila-Acapulco Trade, popularly
known as the “Galleon Trade”
•The Galleon Trade (1565 to 1815) was a ship
“galleon” trade going back and forth between
Manila (first landed in Cebu) and Acapulco,
Mexico.

5. End of Galleon Trade
•It started when Andres de Urdaneta, in
convoy under Miguel Lopez de Legaspi,
discovered a return route from Cebu to
Mexico in 1565.
•Served as the central income-generating
business for Spanish colonists in the
Philippines.

6. Through Trans-Pacific trade
•The mango de Manila, tamarind and rice, the carabao,
cockfighting, Chinese tea and textiles, fireworks display,
tuba (coconut wine) making went to Mexico.
•The return voyage, on the other hand, brought
numerous and valuable flora and faurainto the PH,
including guava, avocado, papaya, pineapple, horses
and cattle
•Intercultural exchanges between Asia

7. Galleon Trade
•Manila became a trading hub where China, India, japan
and Southeast Asian countries sent their goods to be
consolidated for shipping.
•Most of the workers were Chinese
•Spaniards feared them hence, they taxed them and
when the tension rose, Chinese workers were
massacred.

8. Galleon Trade
•Allowed modern, liberal ideas to enter the PH
eventually and gradually inspiring the movement
for independence from Spain.
•September 14, 1815, the Galleon Trade ended
with Mexico’s war of independence.

9. Opening of the Suez Canal
•An artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connects the
Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus
of Suez.
•Under the French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps,
officially opened on November 17, 1869
•Travel between Europe and the PH was closer to Spain.
Before, they had to sail around Cape of Good Hope to
reach Manila. (More than 3 months) with the Suez Canal
it was lessened to only 32-40 days.

10. Opening of the Suez Canal
•Became a huge advantage on commercial enterprises
especially between Europe and East Asia.
•Enabled growth of nationalistic desires of Jose Rizal
and other Filipino ilustrados.
•Expedited the importation not only of commercial
products but also of books, magazines, and
newspapers with liberal ideas from America and
Europe, which affected the minds of Rizal and other
Filipino reformist.

12. Opening of the Suez Canal
•Has also encouraged the ilustrados, especially
Jose Rizal to pursue education abroad and learn
scientific and liberal in European academic
institutions.
•Their social dealings with liberals in the West
have influenced their thoughts on nationhood,
politics and government.

13. Rise of the Export of Crop Economy
•The exploitation of the Philippines’ natural resources
and the progress of an export crop economy were
phenomena of the 19
th
century not of the Spanish rule’s
early period.
•PH was well on its way of developing an export crop
economy. Products like sugar, abaca, coffee were
produced for foreign markets.

14. Monopolies
•Another main source of wealth during the post-
galleon era = monopoly contracting.
•The Chinese took advantage if this commercial
opportunity for the rest of the 19
th
century. As
well as the Spaniards.
•The usage of Opium was legalized by the
Spanish government. But only limited to
Chinese.

15. Monopolies
•Even before 1850 monopolies on some products
had been established which is controlled by the
colonial government.
•Special crops and items such as spirituous
liquors, betel nut(fruit in ifugao), tobacco, and
explosives.

16. Monopolies
•Tobacco was the most controversial and the most oppressive.
•Governor General Jose Bascoplaces it under control.
•Widespread cultivation of tobacco (provinces of Cagayan Valley, Ilocos
Norte, IlocosSur, La Union, Isabela, Abra, Nueva Ecijaand Marinduque)
•Required number of plants per family.
•Sold in other countries and in Manila.
•Brought food shortage (rice –neglected and abandoned)
•Abolished in 1882. Lasted 100 years.
•A century of hardship and social injustice caused by the tobacco
monopoly prompted Filipinos to seek freedom from colonial bondage.