5.c. Community Wastes Management.pptx

COMMUNITY WASTES

1. Community Wastes Management By Aroona Javed Jr Lecturer RN BScN 12/16/2020 1

2. Objectives By the end of the presentation students will be able to Definition of refuse, solid waste and sewage Discuss methods for solid waste and sewage disposal Explain types of latrines used in communities Elaborate fecal borne diseases and their control Discuss types of rodents, disease transmission and control of rodents 12/16/2020 2

3. Solid waste Waste Unwanted or discarded material Solid waste includes garbage (food waste), rubbish (paper, plastics, wood, metal, throw away containers, glass), dead animals, manure and other discarded material. It is health hazard because It decomposes and favours fly breeding It attracts rodents Possibility of water and soil pollution Increases incidence of vector born diseases 12/16/2020 3

4. Definitions Refuse The solid discarded material produced by human habitation except human excreta Sources of refuse Street refuse (leaves, straw, paper and litter of all kinds) Market refuse (large proportion of putrid vegetable and animal matter) Industrial refuse (calcium carbonate to highly toxic) Domestic refuse (ash, rubbish and garbage 12/16/2020 4

5. Refuse The solid discarded material produced by human habitation except human excreta The sources of refuse include the following Street refuse (leaves, straw, paper, litter of all kinds) Market refuse (large proportion of putrid vegetables and animal matter) Industrial refuse Domestic refuse ( ash, rubbish and garbage) 12/16/2020 5

6. Refuse conti … Storage of refuse: Galvanized steel dust bin Paper sack Public bins collection of refuse: House to house Collection from public bins 12/16/2020 6

7. Waste management concept The 3Rs Reduce Reuse Recycle 12/16/2020 7

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9. Methods of refuse disposal Dumping Sanitary land fill or controlled tipping Incineration Composting Manure pits Burial 12/16/2020 9

10. Dumping Low lying areas Mainly for dry refuses Cheapest method Disadvantages Refuse is exposed to flies and rodents Dispersed by wind Pollution of surface water 12/16/2020 10

11. Controlled tipping/ sanitary landfill Satisfactory method Material placed in a trench Compacted with earth at the end of the working day 3 methods Trench method Ramp method Area method 12/16/2020 11

12. Trench method Long trench of 6-10 feet deep and 12-36 feet wide Refuse is compacted and covered with excavated earth Refuse is filled upto 6 feet Ramp method Suited where the terrain is moderately slopping 12/16/2020 12

13. Area method Used for filling land depressions and clay pits Refuse is deposited, packed and consolidated in uniform layers for 6-8 feet Each layer is sealed with a mud cover at least 12 inches Sealing prevents infestation by flies and rodents Chemical, bacteriological and physical changes Temperature rises to over 60 C within 7 days and kill pathogens 12/16/2020 13

14. Incineration It is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products Reduces volumes of solid waste to 20-30% Where hospital land is not available Hospital waste 12/16/2020 14

15. Composting Method of combined disposal of refuse and night soil Principle by products are CO2, water and heat End product-compost Methods Mechanical composting Vermicomposting 12/16/2020 15

16. Manure pits Mostly used in rural areas Digging manure pits is to prevent refuses thrown around the houses Garbage, cattle dunk, straw and leaves should be dumped into pits In 5-6 months time refuse is converted into manure 12/16/2020 16

17. Burial Suitable for small camps A trench 1.5m wide and 2m deep is excavated The refuse is covered with 20-30cm of earth When the level in the trench is 40cm from ground level trench is filled with earth and compacted 12/16/2020 17

18. Sewage Sewage is waste water from a community, containing solid and liquid excreta, derived from houses, street, factories and industries Dirty water with unpleasant smell Sullage: Waste water from kitchen and bathrooms which doesnot contain human excreta 12/16/2020 18

19. Methods of sewage disposal The goal of this treatment is to stabilize the organic matter so that it can be disposed off safely Standard test which is indicator of organic content of sewage is BOD( biochemical oxygen demand) Direct land treatment Chemical treatment Biological treatment Septic tank 12/16/2020 19

20. Types of latrines Bore hole latrine Pit latrine Water seal type of latrines Aqua privacy Shallow trench latrines 12/16/2020 20

21. Fecal borne diseases and their control The diseases caused because of human excreta Diseases caused are Typhoid Paratyphoid fever Dysenteries Diarrhoeas Cholera Viral hepatitis Intestinal infections 12/16/2020 21

22. Transmission Water Finger Flies Soil Food 12/16/2020 22

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24. Control Segregation of faeces Protection of water supplies Protection of foods Personal hygiene Control of flies 12/16/2020 24

25. Rodents Rodents are gnawing( persistently biting) mammals Rats, rabbits and squirrels Black or roof rats, Rattans also called ship rat Black, 16-21cm long and weigh 80-300 grams. Tail longer. Nose pointed Brown or Norway rats, sewer or wild rat. Rattus norvegicus. Greyish brown, 18-26 cm long and weigh 400-600 gm. Short tail nose is blunt 12/16/2020 25

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27. Diseases caused by rodents Disease spread through bite wounds, consuming food or water that is contaminated with rodent feces and urine Infected rodents spread disease indirectly to humans by ways of ticks, mites and fleas that transmit infection to human after feeding on infected rodents Plague Typhus fever Salmonella Weils disease Tuberculosis Brucellosis Meloidosis Trichinosis 12/16/2020 27

28. Prevention from rodents Keep food and water covered Dispose of garbage on regular basis Wash dishes, pans and cooking utensils after use Remove leftover food Door windows and screens should be closed tightly Rodent traps should be placed Spray on rodents droppings Wear gloves when in touch with rodents Hand hygiene 12/16/2020 28

29. Reference Basavanthapa,BT .(1999).Community Health Nursing(1 st ED.)Jaypee New Delhi:Jaypee Brothers 12/16/2020 29