5g unit 1 for basic 5g class- profssional elective

5g

1. UNIT 1 –EC5008

2. VISION FOR 5G

3. Vision for 5G 1. Enhanced Mobile Broadband ( eMBB ): - High Data Rates: Targeting gigabit-per-second download speeds. - Improved Coverage: Better performance in urban and rural areas. - Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): Enabling immersive experiences with high bandwidth requirements. 2. Massive Machine Type Communications ( mMTC ): - Internet of Things ( IoT ): Connecting billions of devices with low-power, wide-area coverage. - Smart Cities: Supporting sensors and devices for smart infrastructure, energy management, and public safety.

4. 3. Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC): - Autonomous Vehicles: Ensuring real-time data exchange for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. - Remote Surgery: Enabling high precision and low latency for medical procedures performed remotely. 4. Network Slicing: - Customizable Networks: Creating virtual networks tailored for specific use cases (e.g., emergency services, entertainment, industrial applications). 5. Energy Efficiency and Sustainability: - Green Networks: Reducing energy consumption through more efficient network designs and operations.

5. Challenges for 5G 1. Spectrum Availability: - High-Frequency Bands: Ensuring sufficient spectrum in higher frequency bands (millimeter waves) and dealing with propagation challenges. - Spectrum Sharing: Efficiently sharing spectrum between different users and services. 2. Infrastructure Development: - Dense Network Deployment: Building more small cells to provide the necessary coverage and capacity, especially in urban areas. - Backhaul Connectivity: Ensuring robust backhaul networks to support increased data traffic. 3. Technological Complexity: - Interference Management: Managing interference in dense networks with numerous devices and cells. - Heterogeneous Networks: Integrating various types of networks (e.g., macro cells, small cells, Wi-Fi) seamlessly.

6. 4. Security and Privacy: - Data Protection: Safeguarding user data and ensuring privacy in a highly connected environment. - Network Security: Protecting against cyber threats and ensuring the integrity and availability of the network. 5. Regulatory and Standardization Issues: - Global Standards: Developing and adopting global standards for 5G to ensure interoperability. - Regulatory Frameworks: Creating supportive regulatory environments to facilitate 5G deployment and innovation.

7. 6. Cost and Investment: - High Costs: Significant investment required for infrastructure, spectrum acquisition, and technology development. - Business Models: Developing viable business models to ensure a return on investment for network operators. 7. Integration with Existing Technologies: - Legacy Systems: Ensuring backward compatibility with 4G and other existing technologies. - Coexistence: Managing the coexistence of 5G with other wireless communication systems. 5G aims to revolutionize communication with enhanced speed, connectivity, and reliability, but achieving this vision involves overcoming significant technical, economic, and regulatory challenges.

8. 5G New Radio (NR) 5G New Radio (NR) is the global standard for a unified, more capable 5G wireless air interface. It is designed to support a wide range of uses and applications, from enhanced mobile broadband to IoT and mission-critical communications. Here are the key components and features of 5G NR: Key Components of 5G NR 1. Spectrum Flexibility: - Low Bands (<1 GHz): For broad coverage and deep indoor penetration. - Mid Bands (1-6 GHz): For a balance of coverage and capacity. - High Bands (>24 GHz, mmWave ): For ultra-high capacity and low latency. 2. Waveform and Modulation: - OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing): Utilized for both uplink and downlink, offering robustness against interference and efficient use of the spectrum. - Flexible Numerology: Allows different subcarrier spacings to accommodate various use cases and deployment scenarios.

9. 3. Multiple Access Techniques: - Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output): Enhances capacity and coverage by using a large number of antennas. - Beamforming: Focuses the signal in specific directions to improve signal quality and reduce interference. 4. Low Latency and High Reliability: - URLLC (Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications): Ensures minimal delay and high reliability for critical applications such as autonomous driving and industrial automation. 5. Scalable OFDM Numerology: - Variable Subcarrier Spacing: Ranges from 15 kHz to 240 kHz, adaptable for different deployment scenarios (e.g., urban, rural, indoor, outdoor). 6. Dynamic Time Division Duplexing (TDD): - Flexible TDD Patterns: Allows dynamic allocation of uplink and downlink resources based on traffic demand.

10. Features of 5G NR 1 . Enhanced Mobile Broadband ( eMBB ): - High Data Rates: Targets multi-gigabit-per-second peak data rates. - Wide Bandwidths: Supports channel bandwidths up to 100 MHz in sub-6 GHz bands and up to 400 MHz in mmWave bands. 2. Massive Machine-Type Communications ( mMTC ): - High Connection Density: Supports a large number of IoT devices with low power consumption and wide-area coverage. 3. Network Slicing: - Tailored Services: Allows multiple virtual networks to coexist on a single physical infrastructure, each optimized for specific use cases. 4. Energy Efficiency: - Advanced Sleep Modes: Reduces power consumption for both devices and network infrastructure. - Energy-Aware Scheduling: Optimizes resource allocation to minimize energy usage.

11. 5. Advanced Coding and Modulation: - LDPC (Low-Density Parity-Check) Codes: Used for data channels to improve error correction and throughput. - Polar Codes: Utilized for control channels to enhance reliability. 6. Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB): - Efficient Deployment: Uses the same radio spectrum for both access and backhaul, reducing the need for separate backhaul links and simplifying network deployment. 7. Mobility Management: - Seamless Handover: Ensures smooth transitions between cells, even at high speeds, such as in moving vehicles.

12. Challenges in Implementing 5G NR 1. Spectrum Availability: - Spectrum Allocation: Securing sufficient and appropriate spectrum for different frequency bands. - Spectrum Sharing: Coordinating spectrum use between different operators and services. 2. Network Infrastructure: - Dense Network Deployment: Requires significant investment in new infrastructure, especially for small cells in urban areas. - Backhaul Connectivity: Ensuring robust and high-capacity backhaul links to support the increased data traffic. 3. Device Compatibility: - Multi-Band Support: Ensuring devices can operate across the various frequency bands used in 5G NR. - Interoperability: Maintaining compatibility with existing 4G networks and other technologies.

13. 4. Energy Consumption: - Power Efficiency: Balancing the increased performance with sustainable energy use, particularly in massive MIMO and dense deployments. 5. Regulatory and Standardization: - Harmonization of Standards: Achieving global consensus on standards and regulations for 5G NR. - Compliance: Ensuring all stakeholders adhere to the agreed-upon standards and regulations. 5G NR is designed to be a versatile and robust air interface, capable of supporting the diverse requirements of modern wireless communications. However, realizing its full potential requires addressing the challenges associated with spectrum, infrastructure, device compatibility, and regulatory issues.

14. 5G Air Interface

15. Rel-14 Rel-15 Rel-16 Rel-13 5G Starts from 3GPP Release 15 Rel-15 Rel-16 5G New Radio Rel-12 5G includes: New Radio LTE Advanced Pro evolution Next-generation core network EPC evolution

16. Key Performance Comparison Between 4G and 5G Throughput 100 Mbit/s 100x Number of connections 100x 5G LTE 10 Gbit/s GAP 1 million connections/km 2 10K Delay 30-50 ms 30x - 50x 1 ms

17. New Air Interface Technologies SCMA F-OFDM Polar code Full duplex Massive MIMO Mobile Internet IoT Air interface Adaptive (Full-duplex mode) Increases the throughput. (Spatial multiplexing) Increases the throughput. (Channel coding) Improves reliability and reduces power consumption. (Multiple access) Increases the number of connections. (Flexible waveform) Flexibly meets different service requirements.

18. F-OFDM: Adaptive Waveform for Air Interface 4G (OFDM): fixed subcarrier bandwidth of 15 kHz. 5G (F-OFDM): Subcarrier bandwidth can flexibly adapt to the packet sizes of different QoE applications. 4G 5G F-OFDM resource allocation OFDM resource allocation OFDM F-OFDM Service adaptation Fixed subcarrier spacing (SCS) Fixed cyclic prefix (CP) Flexible SCS Flexible CP High spectral efficiency 10% of guard bandwidth Minimum guard bandwidth of one subcarrier

19. 1 5G Numerology 2 Time-Domain Resources 3 Frequency-Domain Resources 4 Space-Domain Resources 5G NR Physical Resource

20. 5G Numerology: refers to SubCarrier Spacing (SCS) and related parameters such as the symbol length and CP length of the NR system NR Air Interface Resources Overview 5G Numerology Time-domain Frequency-domain Space-domain Symbol length SCS CP Slot 1 slot = 14 symbols Subframe Frame REG CCE RB RBG BWP Carrier 1 subframe = 1ms 1 frame = 10ms = 10 subframes 1 RB = 12 subcarriers Antenna port QCL Basic scheduling unit 1 RBG = 2 to 16 RBs 1 BWP = Multiple RB(G)s ≥ 1 BWPs 1 REG = 1 PRB 1 CCE = 6 REGs Data/control channel scheduling unit Unchanged Enhanced Newly added SCS determines the symbol length. Codeword Layer NR Vs. LTE

21. Basic Concepts of Frequency-Domain Resources Resource Grid (RG) Resource group at the physical layer to define bandwidth Frequency domain: available RB resources within the transmission bandwidth Resource Element (RE) Smallest unit of physical-layer resources Time domain: 1 symbol, frequency domain: 1 subcarrier Resource Block (RB) Basic scheduling unit for data channel Frequency domain: 12 contiguous subcarriers Resource Block Group (RBG) Basic scheduling unit for data channel, to reduce control channel overheads Frequency domain: {2, 4, 8, 16} RBs Resource Element Group (REG) Basic unit involved in control channel resource allocation Time domain: 1 symbol, frequency domain: 12 subcarriers (1 PRB) Control Channel Element (CCE) Basic scheduling unit involved in control channel resource allocation Frequency domain: 1 CCE = 6 REGs = 6 PRBs CCE aggregation level: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16

22. SCS( SubCarrier Spacing) Scalable Numerology Flexibility Example Case 1 Different spectrum Sub-6 GHz, mmWave Case 2 Multiple services eMBB, URLL C , mMTC Case 3 Multiple scenarios Low/high Speed Numerologies supported by 3GPP Release 15 (TS 38.211) Application scenarios: µ SCS CP 15 kHz Normal 1 30 kHz Normal 2 60 kHz Normal, extended 3 120 kHz Normal 4 240 kHz Normal 3.5 GHz 28 GHz Coverage Mobility Latency Coverage Mobility Latency good bad good bad good bad good bad good bad good bad good bad Phase Noise SCS (kHz ) 15 30 60 120 240 3GPP TS 38.104 (RAN4) defines SCS for different frequency bands. SCS for bands below 1GHz : 15 kHz, 30 kHz SCS for bands btw 1GHz and 6GHz : 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz SCS for band 24GHz to 52.6GHz : 60 kHz, 120 kHz In Release 15, 240 kHz for data is not considered . Recommended SCS for different frequency bands ( eMBB services):

23. 2 Time-Domain Resources: CP, Symbol, Slot, Frame Structure 1 Numerology 3 Frequency-Domain Resources 4 Space-Domain Resources 5G NR Physical Resource

24. Frame and subframe length: Tf and Tsf Tf = 10 ms (frame length) Tsf = 1 ms (subframe length) Time units for the NR system: Ts and Tc Tc = 0.509 ns : sampling interval for the SCS of 480 kHz Ts = 32.552 ns: s ampling interval for the SCS of 15 kHz K = 64 : auxiliary parameter Time Units for the Physical Layer

25. CP length for different SCS values: CP function: To eliminate inter-channel interference (ICI) caused by multipath propagation. Cyclic Prefix (CP) Parameter µ SCS (kHz) CP (µs) 15 T CP : 5.2 µs for l = 0 or 7; 4.69 µs for others 1 30 T CP : 2.86 µs for l = 0 or 14; 2.34 µs for others 2 60 T CP : 1.69 µs for l = 0 or 28; 1.17 µs for others Extended T CP : 4.17 µs 3 120 T CP : 1.11 µs for l = 0 or 56; 0.59 µs for others 4 240 T CP : 0.81 µs for l = 0 or 112; 0.29 µs for others time Attitude Symbol N Symbol N+1 NR CP design principle: Same overhead as that in LTE, ensuring aligned symbols btw different SCS values and the reference numerology (15 kHz).

26. Relationship btw SCS and Symbol Length SCS and Symbol length/ CP length /Slot length Parameter/Numer o logy (µ) 1 2 3 4 SCS ( kH z): SCS = 15 x 2^(µ) 15 30 60 120 240 OFDM symbol for data duration (us ): T_data = 1/SCS 66.67 33.33 16.67 8.33 4.17 CP Duration (µs): T_cp = 144/2048*T_data 4.69 2.34 1.17 0.59 0.29 OFDM symbol duration(µs): T_symbol = T_data + T_cp 71.35 35.68 17.84 8.92 4.46 Slot Length (ms ): T_slot = 1/2 ^(µ) 1 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625 CP data … T_slot = 1ms (14 symbols) SCS = 15 kHz T_symbol … T_slot = 0.5ms (14 symbols) SCS = 30 kHz T_symbol … T_slot = 0.125 ms (14 symbols) SCS = 60 kHz T_symbol

27. Frame Structure Architecture SCS (kHz) Slot Configuration (Normal CP) Number of Symbols/Slot   Number of Slots/ Subframe Number of Slots /Frame 15 14 1 10 30 14 2 20 60 14 4 40 120 14 8 80 240 14 16 160 480 14 32 320 Frame length: 10ms SFN range: 0 to 1023 Subframe length: 1ms Subframe index per system frame: 0 to 9 Slot length: 14 symbols Slot Configuration (Extended CP) 60 12 4 40 Frame structure architecture: Example: SCS = 30 kHz/120 kHz

28. Slot Format and Type Slot structure ( section 4.3.2 in 3GPP TS 38.211 ) Downlink, denoted as D, for downlink transmission Flexible, denoted as X, for flexibly usage. Uplink, denoted as U, for uplink transmission Compared with LTE slot format, NR features: Flexibility: symbol-level uplink/downlink adaptation in NR while subframe-level in LTE Diversity: More kinds of uplink/downlink configurations are supported in NR to cope with more scenarios and service types. X Type 3: flexible-only slot D X X U D X U D X U D X U D X U Type4-1 Type4-2 Type4-3 Type4-4 Type4-5 Type 4: mixed slot Type 2: UL-only slot U D Main slot types Type 1: DL-only slot

29. The self-contained type is not defined in 3GPP specifications. The “self-contained” discussed in the industry and literature are featured as: One slot contains uplink part, downlink part, and GP. Downlink self-contained slot includes downlink data and corresponding HARQ feedback. Uplink self-contained slot includes uplink scheduling information and uplink data. Self-contained Slots D U UL control or SRS ACK/NACK D U DL control UL grant Self-contained design objectives Faster downlink HARQ feedback and uplink data scheduling: reduced RTT Shorter SRS transmission period: to cope with fast channel changes for improved MIMO performance Problems in application The small GP limits cell coverage. High requirements on UE hardware processing Frequent uplink/downlink switching increases the GP overhead. In the downlink, only the retransmission delay is reduced. E2E delay depends on many factors, including the core network and air interface. The delay on the air interface side is also limited by the uplink/downlink frame configuration, and the processing delay on the gNodeB and UE. Downlink data processing time: Part of the GP needs to be reserved for demodulating downlink data and generating ACK/NACK feedback. D U Air interface round-trip delay

30. UL/DL Slot Configuration Configuration ( section 11.1 in 3GPP TS 38.213 ) Layer 1: semi-static configuration through cell-specific RRC signaling Layer 2: semi-static configuration through UE-specific RRC signaling Layer 3: dynamic configuration through UE-group SFI Layer 4: dynamic configuration through UE-specific DCI Main characteristics: hierarchical configuration or separate configuration of each layer Different from LTE, the NR system supports UE-specific configuration, which delivers high flexibility and high resource utilization Support for symbol-level dynamic TDD D D D X D X D X D U D X X D X D X D X X D X D X D D D U D D D U D D D D D D X D D D U D D D U D D D D D D D D U D D D U D 1. Cell-specific RRC configuration 2. UE-specific RRC configuration 3. SFI 4 . DCI Hierarchical configuration Separate layer configuration D D D D D D D D U D D D U D Cell-specific RRC configuration/SFI D

31. Single-period configuration Dual-period configuration Cell-specific Semi-static Configuration X: DL/UL assignment periodicity x1: full DL slots y1: full UL slots x2: DL symbols y2: UL symbols Cell-specific RRC signaling parameters Parameter: SIB1 UL-DL-configuration-common: {X, x1, x2, y1, y2} UL-DL-configuration-common-Set2 : {Y, x3, x4, y3, y4} X/Y: assignment period { 0.5, 0.625, 1, 1.25, 2, 2.5, 5, 10} ms 0.625 ms is used only when the SCS is 120 kHz. 1.25 ms is used when the SCS is 60 kHz or larger. 2.5 ms is used when the SCS is 30 kHz or larger. A single period or two periods can be configured. x1/x3: number of downlink-only slots {0,1,…, number of slots in the assignment period} y1/y3: number of uplink-only slots {0,1,…, number of slots in the assignment period} x2/x4: number of downlink symbols in X type following downlink-only slots {0,1,…,13} y2/y4: number of uplink symbols in X type in front of uplink-only slots {0,1,…,13} D D D D D U D D D D U D D D X: DL/UL assignment periodicity x1 y1 x2 y2 D D D D D U D D D D U D D U Y: DL/UL assignment periodicity x3 y3 x4 y4

32. 2 Time-Domain Resources 1 Numerology 3 Frequency-Domain Resources: RB, RBG, REG, CCE, BWP 4 Space-Domain Resources 5G NR Physical Resource

33. 3GPP-defined 5G Frequency Ranges and Bands Frequency range (MHz) 3GPP TS 38.101-2 defines 2 NR frequency ranges: FR1 and FR2. FR1 is often called sub-6 GHz while FR2 is often referred to as millimeter wave. 5G frequency band 3GPP TS 38.101 mainly defines NR frequency bands. NR and LTE have some frequency bands in same but the frequencies are represented in different ways. 450 MHz 6000 MHz 24.25 GHz 52.6 GHz Frequency Range 1 (FR1) Frequency Range 2 (FR2) Source: 3GPP TS 38.101 Frequency range

34. Basic Concepts of Frequency-Domain Resources Resource Grid (RG) Resource group at the physical layer to define bandwidth Frequency domain: available RB resources within the transmission bandwidth Resource Element (RE) Smallest unit of physical-layer resources Time domain: 1 symbol, frequency domain: 1 subcarrier Resource Block (RB) Basic scheduling unit for data channel Frequency domain: 12 contiguous subcarriers Resource Block Group (RBG) Basic scheduling unit for data channel, to reduce control channel overheads Frequency domain: {2, 4, 8, 16} RBs Resource Element Group (REG) Basic unit involved in control channel resource allocation Time domain: 1 symbol, frequency domain: 12 subcarriers (1 PRB) Control Channel Element (CCE) Basic scheduling unit involved in control channel resource allocation Frequency domain: 1 CCE = 6 REGs = 6 PRBs CCE aggregation level: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16

35. RB Location Index and Indication The BWP is introduced in the NR system, which causes differences in the RB location index and indication from LTE. Related concepts ( section 4.4 of 3GPP TS 38.211 ) RG. BWP: new concept introduced. It refers to some RBs in the transmission bandwidth and is configured by the gNodeB . Point A: basic reference point of the RG Defined for the uplink, downlink, PCell , SCell , and SUL separately Point A = Reference Location + Offset For details about the reference location and offset for different reference points, see the figure on the right. Common RB (CRB): index in the RG The start point is aligned with Point A. Physical RB (PRB): index in the BWP The start point is aligned with the BWP start point. The relationship between PRB and CRB is as follows: Point A Reference Location Offset PCell DL (TDD/FDD) UEs perform blind detection to obtain this information from SSB. UEs are informed of this information through the RMSI . PCell UL (TDD) Same as Point A for the PCell downlink PCell UL (FDD) Frequency-domain location of the ARFCN UEs are informed of this information through the RMSI (SIB1). SCell DL/UL Frequency-domain location of the ARFCN UEs are informed of this information through the SCell configuration message. UEs are informed of this information through RRC signaling . SUL 1 2 3 … 1 2 3 … BWP Offset Reference Location Point A CRB Index in RG PRB Index in BWP RG Freq.

36. Definition and characteristics The BWP is a new concept introduced in the NR system. It is a set of contiguous bandwidth resources allocated by the gNodeB to UEs. Its configuration is mandatory for 5G service access. It is a UE-level concept (BWP configurations vary with UEs). All channel resources allocated to UEs or to be scheduled are within the BWP range. Application scenarios Scenario#1: UEs with a small bandwidth access a large-bandwidth network. Scenario#2: UEs switch between small and large BWPs to save battery power. Scenario#3: The numerology is unique for each BWP and service-specific. BWP Definition and Application Scenarios N umerology 1 BWP 1 Carrier B andwidth # 3 N umerology 2 BWP 2 BWP BWP Bandwidth Carrier B andwidth # 1 BWP 2 # 2 BWP 1 Carrier B andwidth

37. BWP Types Initial BWP : used in the initial access phase Dedicated BWP : configured for UEs in RRC_CONNECTED mode. -- According to 3GPP specifications, a maximum of 4 dedicated BWPs can be configured for a UE. Active BWP : one of the dedicated BWPs activated by a UE in RRC_CONNECTED mode. -- According to 3GPP specifications, a UE in RRC_CONNECTED mode can activate only 1 dedicated BWP at a given time. Default BWP : one of the dedicated BWPs used by the UE in RRC_CONNECTED mode after the BWP inactivity timer expires. Carrier Bandwidth Initial BWP Carrier Bandwidth UE1 Active BWP Random Access Procedure RRC Connected Procedure Carrier Bandwidth default Default UE1 Dedicated BWPs UE1 UE2 Default UE2 Dedicated BWPs UE2 Active BWP UE2 Active BWP UE1 Active BWP UE2 BWP inactivity timer PDCCH indicating downlink assignment UE2 switches to the default BWP. Active Active Switch

38. NR-ARFCN Calculation Frequency range ΔF Global F REF-Offs [MHz] N REF-Offs Range of N REF 0 – 3000 MHz 5 kHz 0 MHz 0 – 599999 3000 – 24250 MHz 15 kHz 3000 MHz 600000 600000 – 2016666 24250 – 100000 MHz 60 kHz 24250 MHz 2016667 2016667 – 3279167 ΔF Raster is the channel raster granularity, which may be equal to or larger than ΔF Global . -- The channel raster for each operating band is recommended as below ( Section 4.3.1.3 in TR38.817-01 ) Bands FR1 FR2 Sub2.4G 2.6G~6G 24.25G~52.6G Channel raster 100kHz 15kHz 60kHz The relation between the NR-ARFCN N REF and the RF reference frequency F REF in MHz for the downlink and uplink is given by the following equation: F REF = F REF-Offs + ΔF raster ( N REF – N REF-Offs ) where F REF-Offs and N Ref -Offs are given in below ( Table 5.4.2.1-1 in 3GPP TS 38.104 ), and ΔF Global could be used as ΔF raster

39. 2 Time-Domain Resources 1 Numerology 3 Frequency-Domain Resources 4 Space-Domain Resources: Layer , Antenna Port, QCL 5G NR Physical Resource

40. Codeword and Antenna Ports Basic concepts Codeword Upper-layer service data on which channel coding applies. Codewords uniquely identify data flow. By transmitting different data, MIMO implements spatial multiplexing. The number of codewords depends on the rank of the channel matrix. Layer Used to define mapping relationship btw codewords and transmit antenna. Antenna port Antennas ports are defined based on reference signals. Number of codewords ≤ Number of layers ≤ Number of antenna ports Protocol-defined number of codewords 1 to 4 layers: 1 codeword 5 to 8 layers: 2 codewords Protocol-defined maximum number of layers For DL/User: 8@SU; 4@MU For UL/User: 4@SU or MU Protocol-defined number of antenna ports Channel/Signal Maximum Number of Ports UL PUSCH with DMRS 8 or 12 PUCCH 1 PRACH 1 SRS 4 DL PDSCH with DMRS 8 or 12 PDCCH 1 CSI-RS 32 SSB 1 Scrambling Scrambling Modulation mapper Modulation mapper Layer mapper Antenna Port mapper RE mapper RE mapper OFDM signal generation OFDM signal generation Codewords Layers Antenna ports

41. Quasi-Colocation (QCL) Definition: Two antenna ports are quasi co-located if the properties of the channel over which a symbol on one antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which a symbol on the other antenna port is conveyed. The channel properties include delay spread , Doppler spread , Doppler shift , average gain , average delay ( existing in the LTE ), and spatial Rx parameter ( added in NR ). Type QCL- TypeA : {Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread} QCL- TypeB : {Doppler shift, Doppler spread} QCL- TypeC : {average delay, Doppler shift} QCL- TypeD : { Spatial Rx parameter} Application scenarios RRM management: such as type C Obtaining channel evaluation information: such as type A, and type B Assisting UEs in beamforming (forming a spatial filter and beam indication): such as type D QCL configuration The QCL linkage between RSs is configured through high-layer signaling. QCL linkage before RRC: QCL linkage after RRC: Source RS Target RS QCL type SSB PDSCH DMRS PDCCH DMRS SSB PDSCH DMRS PDCCH DMRS TRS CSI-RS for CSI Type C, Type C+Type D Type A Type A+Type D Type A/Type B Type D Type A+Type D CSI-RS for BM Type C+Type D Type D

42. Contents 5G NR Channels and Signals on 18B Application 5G NR Physical Resource 3GPP Protocol Architecture for 5G

43. 1 Overview 2 Application on 18B 5G NR Channels and Signals on 18B Application

44. NR Physical Channels and Signals Overview Downlink Physical Channel/Signal Functions SS Used for time-frequency synchronization and cell search. PBCH Carries system information to be broadcast. PDCCH Transmits control signaling, such as signaling for uplink and downlink scheduling and power control. PDSCH Carries downlink user data. DMRS Used for downlink data demodulation and time-frequency synchronization. PTRS Tracks and compensates downlink phase noise. CSI-RS Used for downlink channel measurement, beam management, RRM/RLM measurement, and refined time-frequency tracking. Uplink Physical Channel/Signal Function PRACH Carries random access request information. PUCCH Transmits L1/L2 control signaling, such as signaling for HARQ feedback, CQI feedback, and scheduling request indicator. PUSCH Carries uplink user data. DMRS Used for uplink data demodulation and time-frequency synchronization. PTRS Tracks and compensates uplink phase noise. SRS Used for uplink channel measurement, time-frequency synchronization, and beam management.

45. Application of NR Physical Channels Physical channels involved in cell search PSS/SSS -> PBCH -> PDCCH -> PDSCH Physical channels involved in random access PRACH -> PDCCH -> PDSCH -> PUSCH Physical channels involved in downlink data transmission PDCCH -> PDSCH -> PUCCH/PUSCH Physical channels involved in uplink data transmission PUCCH -> PDCCH -> PUSCH -> PDCCH gNodeB UE PSS/SSS MIB (PBCH) RMSI (PDCCH, PDSCH) ... Preamble (PRACH) RAR (PDCCH, PDSCH) Msg3 (PUSCH) Msg4 (PDCCH, PDSCH) HARQ excluded from RAR HARQ included in Msg4 Cell search Random access gNodeB UE CSI-RS ... Data (PDCCH, PDSCH) Data (PDCCH, PDSCH) Downlink data transmission CSI (PUCCH/PUSCH) ACK/NACK (PUCCH/ PUSCH) ... Paging (PDCCH, PDSCH) gNodeB UE SRS ... UL Grant (PDCCH) ACK/NACK (PDCCH) Uplink data transmission SR (PUCCH) BSR/Data (PUSCH) BSR/Data (PUSCH)

46. Time-Frequency Domain Distribution Schedulable and configurable resources through flexible physical channel and signal design . GP BWP PDCCH DMRS for PDSCH PDSCH SSB CSI-RS UL (SRS) PUSCH PUCCH DMRS for PUSCH PRACH

47. 2 Application on 18B Application 1 Overview 5G NR Channels and Signals on 18B Application

48. The Basic Functions of NR Air Interface Channel Mapping and Comparison with 4G Broadcast information Paging Information User control plane information User data plane information BCCH PCCH DCCH CCCH DTCH BCH PCH DL/UL SCH PBCH PDCCH&PDSCH/ PUCCH&PUSCH/PRACH Content is classified Transmission rule is defined Information Function SS SSB DM-RS DM-RS DM-RS Physical resource is specified Logical Channel Transport Channel Physical Channel

49. Physical Resource Definition Time Domain Frequency domain Concept Explanation SCS 15/30/60/120k RB 1RB = 12 SCs RBG 1 RBG = 2/4/8/16 RBs RG (Grid) Cell bandwidth, 273 RB@100M with 30kHz SCS Point A Basic reference point for positioning RB in RG CRB Index in RG (based on Point A ） BWP The part of UE working bandwidth in RG offset Relation btw CRB and PRB PRB Index in BWP CORESET the physical resource for PDCCH Frame SubFrame SubFrame SubFrame …… S lot Slot Slot …… Symbol Symbol Symbol …… Symbol 1, 2 ,4,8 14x UL/DL/Self-Contain: 1:3:1 D/X/U in self-contain: 10:2:2

50. Initial BWP and CORESET Initial DL BWP configuration The initial BWP equals the frequency-domain location and bandwidth of RMSI CORESET. The frequency-domain location of the initial BWP is determined by the SSB location and the bandwidth of RMSI CORESET, and is sent to UEs through the MIB and SIB1. UEs obtain the SSB frequency-domain location through SI (MIB). UEs read SI to obtain the frequency offset and CORESET bandwidth. The frequency-domain location and bandwidth of RMSI CORESET are determined. Frequency Time SSB CORESET PDSCH Frequency offset Initial DL BWP The frequency offset is defined as the frequency difference from the lowest PRB of RMSI to the lowest PRB of SS/PBCH block. UEs obtain information about the frequency-domain location and bandwidth of the initial BWP. Procedure for UEs to determine the downlink initial BWP

51. PSS/SSS: Introduction Main functions Used by a UE for downlink synchronization, Used for obtaining cell IDs. Resource allocation A SS occupies 1 symbol in the time domain and 127 REs in the frequency domain. Differences with LTE SS in NR can be flexibly configured in any position on the carrier and do not need to be positioned at the center frequency. Subcarrier spacings for the PSS/SSS vary with operating frequency bands and are specified by 3GPP. PSS SSS Carrier center Flexible SS/PBCH position Initial BWP Different from LTE with 504 PCIs, NR physical cell IDs are numbered from 0 to 1007 and divided into 3 groups, with each group containing 336 cell IDs.

52. Transmission of SSB The PSS/SSS and the PBCH are combined as an SSB block in 5G to allow for massive MIMO. SSB configuration varies with SCS -- SSB block position within the slot -- Slot numbers for SSB blocks with different subcarrier spacings and different beams Beam 7 Beam 0 Beam 1 …… SSB transmission in 18B -- Broadcast information is scheduled every 80ms -- PBCH is transmitted every 20ms with 8 beams each time To fasten UL sync. in larger bandwith in NR, sync. rasters with 900 kHz, 1.44 MHz, and 17.28 MHz are defined.

53. 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 PDCCH&PDSCH Working Mechanism 1 slot PDSCH 1 CCE = 6 REG = 1 RB 1 RB CCE: User scheduling granularity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 CCE 2 CCEs 4 CCEs 8 CCEs CCE CCE allocation (aggregation level) According to different encoding rates, a gNodeB can aggregate 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs to constitute a PDCCH for UE blind detection RNTIs used by DCIs P-RNTI ( paging message ) SI-RNTI ( system message ) RA-RNTI ( RAR ) Temporary C-RNTI ( Msg3/Msg4 ) C-RNTI ( UE uplink and downlink data ) SFI-RNTI ( slot format ) INT-RNTI ( resource pre-emption ) TPC-PUSCH-RNTI ( PUSCH power control command ) TPC-PUCCH-RNTI ( PUCCH power control command ) TPC-SRS-RNTI ( SRS power control command ) PDCCH 18B supports maximum 2 layers spatial multiplexing of PDCCH

54. DMRS for PDSCH Introduction DMRS category: Different in low-speed and high-speed scenarios Front Loaded (FL) DMRS: Occupies 1 to 2 symbols Additional (Add) DMRS: Occupies 1 to 3 symbols, used in high-speed scenarios for anti- Doppler spread . DMRS type: Different DMRS types allow different maximum numbers of ports. Type1: Single-symbol: 4, dual-symbol: 8 Type2: Single-symbol: 6, dual-symbol: 12 DMRS time-frequency mapping position Mapping type A: Staring from the 3 rd or 4 th symbol in the slot. Mapping type B: Staring from the 1 st symbol on the scheduled PDSCH. FL DMRS Add DMRS Type2, dual-symbol 　 Slot k l 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 SCn11 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn10 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn9 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn8 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn7 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn6 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn5 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn4 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn3 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn2 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn1 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn0 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 1000/1001/1004/1005 1002/1003/1006/1007 1000/1001/1006/1007 1002/1003/1008/1009 1004/1005/1010/1011 　 Slot k l 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 SCn11 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn10 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn9 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn8 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn7 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn6 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn5 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn4 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn3 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn2 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn1 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn0 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 Type1, dual-symbol 　 Slot k l 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 SCn11 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn10 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn9 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn8 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn7 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn6 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn5 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn4 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn3 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn2 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn1 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 SCn0 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

55. CSI-RS: Main Functions The main functions and types of the CSI-RS are as follows: Design principles and features of the CSI-RS: Sparsity: The density of the time and frequency domains is low and the domain resource consumption is low. The maximum number of ports is 32. Sequence generation and cell ID decoupling: The scrambling code ID is configured by higher layer parameters. UCNC is supported. Flexible resource configuration: UE-specific configurations for time-frequency resources are supported. Function Description Channel quality measurement CSI obtaining Used for channel state information (CSI) measurement. The UE reports the following content: CQI, PMI, rank indicator (RI), layer Indicator (LI) Beam management Used for beam measurement. The UE reports the following content: L1-RSRP and CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI) RLM/RRM measurement Used for radio link monitoring (RLM) and radio resource management (handover). The UE reports the following content: L1-RSRP Time-frequency offset tracing (TRS) Used for precise time-frequency offset tracing.

56. CSI-RS: Pattern The row 1 pattern is used only for TRS. The row 2–18 patterns can be used for CSI measurement. The CSI-RS used for beam management can only use patterns of 1 port and 2 ports (row 2–3). 1 p ort 2 p ort s 4 p ort s 8 p ort s 1 2 p ort s 16 p ort s 24 p ort s 32 p ort s CSI-IM Pattern 0 CSI-IM Pattern 1 CDM type indicates the number of ports that can be multiplexed by each colored resource. 1 1 3 No CDM 2 1 1, 0.5 No CDM 3 2 1, 0.5 FD-CDM 2 4 4 1 FD-CDM 2 5 4 1 FD-CDM 2 6 8 1 FD-CDM 2 7 8 1 FD-CDM 2 8 8 1 CDM 4 (FD 2, TD 2) 9 12 1 FD-CDM 2 10 12 1 CDM 4 (FD 2, TD 2) 11 16 1, 0.5 FD-CDM 2 12 16 1, 0.5 CDM 4 (FD 2, TD 2) 13 24 1, 0.5 FD-CDM 2 14 24 1, 0.5 CDM 4 (FD 2, TD 2) 15 24 1, 0.5 CDM 8 (FD 2 , TD 4) 16 32 1, 0.5 FD-CDM 2 17 32 1, 0.5 CDM 4 (FD 2, TD 2) 18 32 1, 0.5 CDM 8 (FD 2, TD 4) Row Ports Density CDM T ype

57. Overhead Estimation (average to per DL slot) SS Block For sync and MIB and beam sweeping 20.4% CSI-RS (Channel State Information RS) For DL channel measurement PDCCH Control channel for DL grant and UL grant RMSI (remaining minimum system information) System information transmitted in PDSCH DMRS (Demodulation RS) For data coherent demodulation TRS (Tracking RS) For doppler shift tracking GP at Self-contained slot For TDD system DL/UL conversion 3.6% (2 symbols) UL at Self-contained slot For UL transmission 3.6% (2 symbols) DL effective RE ratio calculation Total RB number 273 OFDM symbol number per slot 14 SCS number per RB 12 Total REs Per slot (Includes overhead) 45864 Effective REs per DL slot 33200 DL Effective RE ratio 72.4% DL Effective RE ratio (excludes UL at Self-contained slot ) 76% 18B DL User Peak [email protected] 100MHz TDD DL Peak throughput = 33200 * 8 (256QAM) * 0.92 * 8 / 0.0005 * 0.8 (DL/(UL+DL))* 90% ≈ 2.8G DL Peak throughput = Effective REs per DL slot × Bits for modulation order × Coding rate × Layers / Slot length (s) × DL ratio × (1- BLER )

58. 2 Waveforms Supported in PUSCH Waveform Modulation mode Codeword Number of Layers RB Resource Allocation PAPR Application Scenario CP-OFDM QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM 1 1–4 Contiguous / non-contiguous High At/near the cell center DFT-S-OFDM π /2-BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM 1 1 Contiguous Low At the cell edge (achieving gain by using a low PAPR) Waveform : Unlike PDSCH, PUSCH supports 2 waveforms. CP-OFDM : a multi-carrier waveform that supports MU-MIMO. DFT-S-OFDM : a single-carrier waveform that supports only SU-MIMO and improves the coverage performance. Physical layer procedures Scrambling Scrambling Modulation mapper Modulation mapper Layer mapper Precoding Resource Element mapper Resource Element mapper OFDM signal generation OFDM signal generation Codewords Layers Antenna ports CP-OFDM DFT-S-OFDM

59. 3 Main TSGs (Technical Specification Group) Project Co-ordination Group (PCG)   TSG RAN Radio Access Network TSG SA Service & Systems Aspects   TSG CT Core Network & Terminals RAN WG1 Radio Layer 1 spec SA WG1 Services CT WG1 MM/CC/SM (lu) RAN WG2 Radio Layer 2 spec Radio Layer 3 RR spec SA WG2 Architecture CT WG3 Interworking with external networks RAN WG3 lub spec, lur spec, lu spec UTRAN O&M requirements ( transmission interfaces ) SA WG3 Security  CT WG4 MAP/GTP/BCH/SS  RAN WG4 Radio Performance Protocol aspects SA WG4 Codec CT WG6 Smart Card Application Aspects RAN WG5 Mobile Terminal Conformance Testing SA WG5 Telecom Management   RAN WG6 Legacy RAN radio and protocol SA WG6 Mission-critical applications TSGs are responsible for 3GPP standard finalization.

60. TSG SA Protocol Architecture TR ： Technical Report TS ： Technical Specification SA WG1 TR 22.891 ： Study on New Services and Markets Technology Enablers （ New service study ） TR 22.861 ： FS_SMARTER - massive Internet of Things （ Massive IoT ） TR 22.862 ： Feasibility study on new services and markets technology enablers for critical communications; Stage 1 （ Critical Communication ） TR 22.863 ： Feasibility study on new services and markets technology enablers for enhanced mobile broadband; Stage 1 （ eMBB ） TR 22.864 ： Feasibility study on new services and markets technology enablers for network operation; Stage 1 （ Network operation ） T S 22.261 ： Service requirements for next generation new services and markets SA WG2 TR 23.799 ： Study on Architecture for Next Generation System SA WG3 TR 33.899 ： Study on the security aspects of the next generation system T S 23.501 ： System architecture for the 5G system T S 23.502 ： Procedure for the 5G system

61. Features of the 5G Air Interface 1. Enhanced Mobile Broadband ( eMBB ): - High Data Rates: Provides gigabit-per-second download speeds, enabling high-definition video streaming, AR/VR applications, and other data-intensive services. - Wide Bandwidth Support: Accommodates channel bandwidths up to 100 MHz in sub-6 GHz bands and up to 400 MHz in mmWave bands. 2. Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC): - Low Latency: Achieves latencies as low as 1 millisecond, essential for applications such as autonomous vehicles, remote surgery, and industrial automation. - High Reliability: Ensures a reliable connection even in challenging conditions, supporting mission-critical applications. 3. Massive Machine-Type Communications ( mMTC ): - High Connection Density: Supports a large number of IoT devices, facilitating smart city applications, smart agriculture, and industrial IoT . - Energy Efficiency: Optimized for low power consumption, extending the battery life of IoT devices. 4. Network Slicing: - Customized Network Segments: Allows the creation of multiple virtual networks on a single physical infrastructure, each optimized for specific services or user groups. - Resource Allocation: Dynamically allocates network resources based on the needs of different slices, ensuring efficient utilization and performance.

62. Challenges and Considerations 1. Spectrum Management: - Spectrum Allocation: Ensuring the availability of sufficient spectrum across different frequency bands. - Interference Mitigation: Managing interference between different services and operators. 2. Infrastructure Development: - Dense Network Deployment: Building a dense network of small cells, especially in urban areas, to provide the necessary coverage and capacity. - Backhaul Connectivity: Ensuring robust backhaul connections to support increased data traffic. 3. Energy Efficiency: - Power Consumption: Balancing the high performance of 5G with sustainable energy use, particularly in massive MIMO and dense deployments.

63. 4. Device Compatibility: - Multi-Band Support: Ensuring devices can operate across various frequency bands used in 5G. - Interoperability: Maintaining compatibility with existing 4G networks and other technologies. 5. Regulatory and Standardization: - Global Standards: Developing and adopting global standards for 5G to ensure interoperability and consistency. - Compliance: Ensuring adherence to regulatory requirements and standards. The 5G air interface is designed to be versatile and robust, capable of supporting a wide range of applications and services. By leveraging advanced technologies and flexible design principles, it aims to meet the diverse demands of modern wireless communication. However, realizing its full potential involves addressing challenges related to spectrum management, infrastructure, energy efficiency, device compatibility, and regulatory compliance.