8. stress and how to manage in daily life as a human

Stress in daily life, How to manage Stress

1. Taylor, S. E.(1999). Health psychology. Usa : mcgraw-hill companies, inc.

2. Definition of Stress Stress is a negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive and behavioral changes that are directed either toward altering the stressful event or accommodating to its effects. Stressor is the stressful event like noise, crowding, bad relationship etc. How one perceives a potential stressor substantially determines whether one will experience stress. Person-Environment Fit

3. Early contribution to the study of stress Fight-or-Flight Response (Walter Cannon, 1932)

4. Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

5. Psychological Appraisal and Experience of Stress Lazarus is a chief proponent of the psychological view of stress. When individual confronts a new or changing environment, they engage in a process of primary appraisal to determine the meaning of the event.

6. Secondary Appraisal The assessment of one’s coping abilities and resources and whether they will be sufficient to meet the harm, threat, and challenge of the event.

7. The Experience of Stress Potential stressor Primary appraisal Event positive, negative or neutral? If negative, how much harmful, threatened and challenging in the future? Secondary appraisal Coping skills and resources Stress Psychological, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral response

8. Routes by which Stress may produce Disease Stress Direct Physiological Effects: Elevated lipids Elevated high blood pressure Decreased immunity Increased hormonal activities Health Habit Effects: Increased smoking, alcohol use Decreased nutrition Decreased sleep Increased drug use Health Behavior Effects: Decreased compliance Increased delay in seeking care Obscured symptom profile

9. What makes events stressful? Dimensions of stressful events Negative events are more likely to produce stress than are positive events Uncontrollable or unpredictable events are more stressful than controllable or predictable ones. Ambiguous events are perceived more stressful than clear cut events. Overloaded people are more stressed than are people with fewer tasks to perform.

10. How stress has been studied Studying stress in laboratory Inducing disease Stressful life events Daily hassles

11. Coping with stress Coping is the process of managing demands (external or internal) that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person. Coping c onsists of efforts, both action-oriented and intrapsychic , to manage (i.e., master, tolerate, reduce, minimize) environmental and internal demands and conflicts among them.

12. Personality and coping

13. Negative, stress, and illness Negative affectivity is a pervasive negative mood marked by anxiety, depression, and hostility. Individuals high in negative affectivity express distress, discomfort, and dissatisfaction across a wide range of situations. Negativity is related to poor health.

14. Pessimistic style It may relate to illness. Some people characteristically explain the negative events of their lives in term of internal, stable, global qualities of themselves, which may lay the groundwork for poor health.

15. Optimism Optimistic nature lead people to cope more effectively with stress and thereby reduce their risk for illness.

16. Psychological control Perceived control is the belief that one can determine one’s own behavior, influence one’s environment, and/or bring about desired outcomes.

17. Additional coping resources High self esteem Conscientiousness Self confidence Sense of coherence of one’s life

18. Coping styles Coping style is a general propensity to deal with stressful events in a particular way. Avoidance (minimizing) versus confrontation (vigilant)

19. Coping strategies Problem solving Emotion focused

20. Coping and external resources Socio-economic status Social support

21. Management of stress

22. Basic techniques for stress management Stress management program involves three phases: 1. Participant learn what stress is how to identify the stressors in their own life. 2. Acquire and practice skills for coping with stress. 3. Participants practice these stress management techniques in the targeted stressful situations and monitor their effectiveness.

23. Stress inoculation Enables people to confront stressful events with a clear plan in mind and an array of potential measures that they can take before the stressful event becomes overwhelming.

24. Relaxation training for stress management Supplementary stress management Time management Good health habits and social skills Assertiveness training