839740213-seed-replacement-rate (1).pptx

sRR for farmers beenfit

1. SEED REPLACEMENT RATE (SRR)

2. SEED REPLACEMENT RATE : Seed Replacement Rate is defined as the quantity of quality seed that have replaced the actual seed requirement of the location that are normally produced by the farmer using their own seed. In simple terms, seed replacement rate is a measure of cropped area covered with quality seeds. SRR = X / Y × 100 Where, X = Quantity of actual quality seed sown / used in an area / location Y = Quantity of quality seed ( certified ) required for the entire production area / location

3. IMPORTANCE OF SEED REPLACEMENT RATE : • Crop productivity : Using quality seeds can increase crop productivity per unit area. • Farmers’ income : Using quality seeds can increase farmers’ income. • Loss of production : Using old seeds that have deteriorated in quality can lead to loss of production. • Slow growth of agricultural production : Delayed replacement of seeds can slow the growth of agricultural production. • Thus, higher Seed replacement ratio, higher is production as well as productivity and higher are chances of achieving nutritional security and food security.

4. SEED REPLACEMENT RATE IN INDIA : The seed replacement rate in India is around 15 – 20% which may vary with crop varieties. However it will be 100% for hybrid seeds. The SSR varies from crop to crop between 7% in staple crops to maximum 70% in some vegetables and fruits. The SSR for small and marginal farmers is 20%. The Seed replacement rate is found to be lowest in Groundnut (25.24%). The seed replacement rate is highest in hybrids (100%).

5. SEED REPLACEMENT RATE OF MAJOR AGRICULTURAL CROPS CROP SRR (%) Wheat 40.30 Paddy 39.81 Maize 64.68 Jowar 38.22 Bajra 57.09 Ragi 53.39 Barley 30.27 Blackgram 37.97 Greengram 33.55 Redgram 48.11 CROP SRR (%) Peas 30.23 Chickpea 31.83 Lentil 35.40 Groundnut 25.24 Rapeseed/Mustard 68.03 Til 42.36 Sunflower 30.67 Soyabean 38.17 Castor 80.80 Safflower 29.32

6. SEEDS TO BE REPLACED BY QUALITY SEEDS Hybrids - Every year(100%) Self-Pollinated - Four years ➢ Cross-Pollinated - Three years According to the standards, the seed replacement rate for the self- pollinated crop should be 33 percent , for cross pollinated crops, it should be 50 per cent and for hybrids , it should be 100 percent.

7. FACTORS INFLUENCING SEED REPLACEMENT RATE : Cost of seeds : The biggest constraint that hinders farmers from replacing seeds is the fact that certified seed varieties are too costly. In India, the prices of seeds have also increased for almost all crops for the current financial year. Unavailability of certified seeds : The next problem is the unavailability of quality certified seeds. India produces sufficient quantities of foundation seeds, the availability of certified seeds of the most recent seed variety is often a problem. There also exists a huge gap between the release of seeds and its introduction into the seed chain.

8. Seed recycling : In situations where the farmer finds a high price for certified seeds along with a requirement of heavy agricultural inputs, he often opts for farm- saved variants or even goes for recycling hybrids. Researchers showed that F1 generation hybrid seeds give approximately 18% greater yield over the open- pollinated variety even in resource- poor countries. High seed rate per unit area : A number of researchers have shown that in case of high- volume low- value seeds such as wheat, groundnut, soybean and chickpea, 80% of the net sown area is with farm-saved seeds. The primary reason for this is that even upon huge investments in order to maintain high seed rate, the returns obtained by farmers upon harvest are not lucrative enough.

9. Lack of awareness about the use of quality certified seeds : Farmers may not be aware of the benefits of seed replacement. Environmental and Socioeconomic problems: Continued usage of high- yielding varieties has indirectly affected the environment due to the agricultural emissions and runoffs that have affected soil, water and air. The problems due to climate change like elevated temperatures and water scarcity affect crop productivity. New varieties of seeds often perform poorly under unfavorable conditions and reduce overall agricultural production. A majority of Indian farmers are marginal and small with very small average land holdings.

10. IMPACT OF LOW SRR : • • • • The yielding ability of the variety reduces generation after generation. The seed has more chances of infestation of insects and other pest. The purity per cent of seed will be less when compared to the certified one. The seed has chances of getting pest infestation during the storage. Germination percentage will be less than the standard

11. STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE SRR : Subsidizing the cost of seed through DBT system : There is an urgent need of Government backed subsidy especially for small and marginal farmers as direct transfer so that there is no diversion of funds. Agricultural extension services : The concept of seed village wherein a village is made self- sufficient in production of seeds needs to be further strengthened. State Departments of Agriculture, State Agriculture Universities, Krishi Vigyan Kendras, State as well as National Seeds Corporation, State Farms Corporation of India, State Seeds Certification Agencies, Department of Seed Certification along with a local body at the village level need to be integrated under a single platform so as to work in harmony for the improvement of SRR.

12. Improved quality of seeds for better productivity : it is essential for public and private companies to make seeds for diverse crops and varieties, highly stress- tolerant varieties, stable and high yielding varieties along with an eye on the prices to make it affordable for the farmers. Check on spurious seed in the market : Spurious seed in the market is a major hindrance. Seed testing capability at the market level need to be built so that the whole lot can be flushed out from market and the seller must be penalized immediately. Systems for rapid seed replacement : Rapid development and distribution of newer seed varieties should be prompted in India for the usage of seeds in the current scenario for improving the benefits of farmers. This may be possible with policy support involving subsidies and the replacement of old varieties which are primary requirements to be achieved.

13. Adequate production and supply Availability of timely supply of quality seeds of improved varieties both during normal as well as off seasons. More frequent release of varieties resulted in moderate improvement Release of needy varieties and its popularization. Creating awareness among farmers about the benefits of using good quality seeds.

14. SEED RENE W A L PERIOD (SRP)

15. SEED RENEWAL PERIOD (SRP) It is the renewal of seed after certain generations by adopting the generation system of seed multiplication. Generally, seeds undergo genetic deterioration on continuous usage for reproduction. Therefore, selectively multiplied seed should be used after certain generation and this varies with self or cross pollinated crops. SRP for, Self pollinated crop - 4 Generation Cross pollinated crop - 3 Generation Hybrid - 1 Generation

16. SRP FOR SOME IMPORTANT CROPS CROP SRP (times) SEED MULTIPLICATION STAGES BS FS CS Wheat 4 1 1 2 Rice 4 1 1 2 Maize – variety 3 1 1 1 Sorghum 3 1 1 1 Pearl millet 3 1 1 1 Finger millet 4 1 1 2 Bengal gram 3 1 1 1 Green gram 3 1 1 1 Black gram 3 1 1 1 Red gram 3 1 1 1 Sesame 3 1 1 1 Groundnut 5 1 2 2

17. • Seeds undergo genetic deterioration on continuous usage for reproduction, due to the developmental variation, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variation, selective influence of pests and diseases and techniques of plant breeder. Therefore seed should be renewed after certain generations adopting generation systems. • The seed renewal period in India is nine months from the date of testing, and can be extended for six months if the seed meets the required standards.

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