Lecture presentation of Climatology subject presented at the MBS School of Planning and Architecture.
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PRINCIPLES OF VENTILATION
CLIMATOLOGY,
ROHIT KUMAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
MBS SPA 2016
Assistant Prof. Rohit Kumar
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPERS Find the questions related to this topic
VENTILATION VORTEX: A mass of spinning fluid that pulls things to its center.
Functions of ventilation
•Ventilation, i.e. both the supply of fresh air and convective
cooling, involves the movement of air at a relatively slow rate.
•Natural ventilation and air movement could‐be considered
under the heading of 'structural controls‘ as it does not rely
on any form of energy supply or mechanical installation.
•
It has three distinctly different functions:
–supply of fresh air (ventilation)
–convective cooling (ventilation)
–physiological cooling (air movement)
Supply of fresh air
•The requirements of fresh air supply are governed by the type
of occupancy, number and activity of the occupants and by
the nature of any processes carried out in the space.
•Requirements may be stipulated by building regulations and
advisory codes in terms of m3/h person, or in number of
air
changes per hour, but these are only applicable to mechanical
installations.
•The provision of 'permanent ventilators', i.e. of openings
which cannot be closed, may be compulsory.
•These may be grilles or 'air bricks' built into a wall, or may be
incorporated with windows.
•The size of open‐able
windows may be stipulated in relation to
the floor area or the volume of the room.
Convective Cooling
•The exchange of indoor air with fresh out‐door air can provide
cooling, if the latter is at a lower temperature than the indoor
air.
•Themoving air acts as a heat carrying medium.
•A situation where convective cooling is a practical proposition,
can arise in
–moderate or cold climates, when the internal heat gain is causing a
temperature increase, but also in
–warm climates, when the internal heat gain or solar heat gain through
windows would raise the indoor temperature even higher than the
outdoor air temperature.
Provision for ventilation: stack effect
•The cause (motive force) for ventilation can be either thermal
(temperature difference) or dynamic (wind).
•The stack effect relies on thermal forces, set up by density
difference (caused by temperature differences) between the
indoor and out‐door air.
•Special provision can be made for it in the form of ventilating
shafts.
•The higher the shaft, the larger the cross‐sectional area and
the greater the temperature difference: the greater the
motive force therefore, the more air will be moved.
Provision for ventilation: stack effect
Wind scoop, wind catcher, etc.
(Green business centre)
The windcatcher of
Dowlatabad in Yazd, Iran
—one of the tallest existing
windcatchers
An ab anbar (water reservoir) with
double domes and windcatchers
(openings near the top of the towers) in
the central desert city of Naeen, Iran
Provision for ventilation: stack effect
The motive force is the 'stack pressure' multiplied by the cross‐
sectional area (force in Newtons–area in m2). The stack
pressure can be calculated from the equation:
•Ps = 0.042 ×h ×ΔT
–where Ps = stack pressure in N/m2
–h = height of stack in m
–ΔT temperature
difference in degC
–(the constant is N/m3 degC(Pa) is the pressure
difference/degree)
Physiological cooling
•In very low humidities(below 30%) this cooling effect is great,
as there is an unrestricted evaporation even with very light air
movement.
•In high humidities(above 85%) the cooling effect is restricted
by the high vapourpressure preventing evaporation, but
greater velocities (above 1.5 to 2 m/s) will have some effect. It
is most significant in medium humidities(35 to 60%).
•Cooling by air movement is most needed where there are no
other forms of heat dissipation available, when the air is as
warm as the skin and the surrounding surfaces are also at a
similar temperature.
•The movement of air past the
skin surface accelerates heat
dissipation in two ways:
–increasing convective heat loss
–
acceleratin
g
eva
p
oration
Physiological cooling
`
WHAT IS BEING DONE HERE?
AIR FLOW THROUGH BUILDINGS
•Airflow patterns can only be predicted on the basis of
empirical rules derived from measurements in actual
buildings or in wind tunnel studies.
FACTORS AFFECTING VENTILATION
FACTORS AFFECTING VENTILATION •On the basis of such experimental observations the following
factors can be isolated which affect the indoor air flow (both
patterns and velocities):
–a orientation
–b external features
–c cross‐ventilation
–d position of openings
–e size of openings
–f controls of openings
ORIENTATION
•The greatest pressure on the windward side of a building is
generated when the elevation is at right angles to the wind
direction, so it seems to be obvious that the greatest indoor
air velocity will be achieved in this case.
•A wind incidence of 45°would reduce the pressure by
50%.
•Thus the designer must ascertain the prevailing wind direction
from wind frequency charts of wind roses and must orientate
his building in such a way that the largest openings are facing
the wind direction.
ORIENTATION
•It has, however, been found by Givonithat a wind incidence at
45°would increase the average indoor air velocity and would
provide a better distribution of indoor air movement.
Figure 71 shows his findings: the relative velocities (with the free air speed taken as 100%) measured at a
height of 1.2 m above floor level.
ORIENTATION
•In the second case a greater velocity is created along the
windward faces, therefore the wind shadow will be much
broader, the negative pressure (the suction effect) will be
increased and an increased indoor air flow will result.
EXTERNAL FEATURES
•Wind shadows created by obstructions upwind, should be
avoided in positioning the building on the site and in
positioning the openings in the building.
•For this reason (or to avoid specific obstructions) the building
is often elevated on stilts.
•External features of the building itself can strongly influence
the pressure
build‐up.
•Any extension of the elevationalarea facing the wind will
increase the pressure build‐up.
•For example, the air flow is at 45°to an elevation, a wing‐wall
at the downwind end or a projecting wing of L‐shaped
building can more than double the positive pressure created.
•A
similar 'funnelling‘ effect can be created by upward
projecting eaves.
CROSS VENTILATION
•Providing inlets and outlets to promote the flow of air
through a building is called cross ventilation.
•In the absence of an outlet opening or with a full partition
there can be no effective air movement through a building
even in a case of strong winds.
•With a windward opening
and no outlet, a pressure similar to
that in front of the building will be built up indoors, which can
make conditions even worse, increasing discomfort. In some
cases oscillating pressure changes, known as 'buffeting' can
also occur.
CROSS VENTILATION
•Air flow loses much of its kinetic energy each time it is
diverted around or over an obstacle.
•Several right‐angle bends, such as internal walls or furniture
within a room can effectively stop a low velocity air flow [65].
Where internal partitions are unavoidable, some air flow can
be
ensured if partition screens are used, clear of the floor and
the ceiling.
POSITION OF OPENINGS
•To be effective, the air movement must be directed at the
body surface.
•In building terms this means that air movement must be
ensured through the space mostly used by the occupants:
through the 'living zone‘.
SIZE OF OPENINGS
•With a given elevationalarea –a given total wind force
(pressure ×area) –the largest air velocity will be obtained
through a small inlet opening with a large outlet.
•This is partly due to
–the total force acting on a small area, forcing air through the opening
at a high pressure, and
–partly due to the 'venturieffect': in the broadening funnel (the
imaginary funnel connecting the small inlet to the large outlet) the
sideways expansion of the air jet further accelerates the particles.
•The best arrangement is full wall openings on both sides, with
adjustable sashes or closing devices which can assist in
channellingthe air flow in the required direction, following
the change of wind.
CONTROLS OF OPENINGS
•Sashes, canopies, louvresand other elements controlling the
openings, also influence the indoor air flow pattern.
•Sashescan divert the air flow upwards. Only a casement or
reversible pivot sash will channel it downwards into the living
zone (Figure 77).
CONTROLS OF OPENINGS: SASHES
CONTROLS OF OPENINGS
•Canopiescan eliminate the effect of pressure build‐up above
the window, thus the pressure below the window will direct
the air flow upwards.
•A gap left between the building face and the canopy would
ensure a downward pressure, thus a flow directed into the
living zone (Figure 78).
CONTROLS OF OPENINGS: canopy
CONTROLS OF OPENINGS
•Louvresand shading devices may also present a problem.
•The position of blades in a slightly upward position would still
channel the flow into the living zone (up to 20°upwards from
the horizontal) (Figure 79).
•Nets are vital in insect infested areas.
•A cotton net can give a reduction
of 70% in air velocity. A
smooth nylon net is better, with a reduction factor of only
approximately 35%.
CONTROLS OF OPENINGS: louvres
CONTROLS OF OPENINGS
Le Corbusier: Carpenter center
AIRFLOW AROUND BUILDINGS
•Air stream separates on the face of a tall block, part of it
moving up and over the roof part of it down, to form a large
vortex leading to a very high pressure build‐up.
•An increased velocity is found at ground level at the sides of
the tall
block.This could serve a useful purpose in hot
climates, although if the tall block is not fully closed but is
permeable to wind, these effects may be reduced.
AIRFLOW AROUND BUILDINGS
•A series of studies in Australia [67], relating to low industrial
buildings, produced the surprising (but post facto obvious)
result that if a low building is located in the wind shadow of a
tall block (Figure 82), the increase in height of the obstructing
block will increase the air flow
through the low building in a
direction opposite to that of the wind.
•The lower (return‐) wing of a large vortex would pass through
the building.
AIRFLOW AROUND BUILDINGS
•if in a rural setting in open country, single storeybuildings are
placed in rows in a grid‐iron pattern, stagnant air zones
leeward from the first row will overlap the second row.
•A spacing of six times the building height is necessaryto
ensure adequate air movement for the second row.
AIRFLOW AROUND BUILDINGS
In a similar setting, if the buildings are staggered in a checker‐
board pattern, the flow field is much more uniform, stagnant air
zones are almost eliminated.
HUMIDITY CONTROL
•Dehumidification is only possible by mechanical means,
without this, in warm‐humid climates, some relief can be
provided by air movement.
•In hot‐dry climates humidification of the air may be necessary,
which can be associated with evaporative cooling.
•In these climates the building is normally closed to preserve
the cooler air retained within the structure of high thermal
capacity, also to exclude sand and dust carried by winds.
•All these functions:
–controlled air supply
–filtering out sand and dust
–evaporative cooling
–humidification
are served by a device used in some parts of Egypt–wind scoop.
HUMIDITY CONTROL: WIND SCOOP
•The large intake opening captures air movement above the
roofs in densely built up areas.
•The water seeping through the porous pottery jars
evaporates, some drips down onto the charcoal placed on a
grating, through which the air is filtered.
•The cooled air assists the downward movement –a reversed
stack effect.
•This device is very useful for ventilation (the above four
functions), but it cannot be expected to create an air
movement strong enough for physiological cooling.
HUMIDITY CONTROL: WIND SCOOP
HUMIDITY CONTROL: EXAMPLES
•In some parts of India a curtain made of cascasgrass is often
hung in front of windows on the windward side.
•This is wetted by throwing a bucket of water against it from
time to time.
•Thegrass is highly absorptive and retains the moisture for a
long time.
•
The wind passing through the loose textured mat curtain is
both cooled and humidified.
•Desert cooler also works on similar principles.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
•Koenigsberger, O. H., Manual of Tropical
Housing and building, Orient Longman private
limited, 1973.