9. WASTE COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT.pptx

When it comes to collecting, sorting and transporting waste, a distinction is made between systematic and systemless approaches. The kirbside collection of bundled waste paper is an example of the latter. On the other hand various container systems are used for waste collection. Whereas residual waste is collected in gray containers, separate collection systems are used for a range of waste.

1. WASTE COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT by D r . S. Pugalendhi , Emeritus professor D r . J. Gitanjali , teaching assistant E r . T. ayisha naziba , i - m.tech . ( ree )

2. Waste  (or  wastes ) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance which is discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. SOLID WASTES Solid Waste (also referred to as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, or junk) is unwanted or unusable materials. Every day, each household generates garbage or waste. Items that we no longer need or do not have any further use are fall in the category of waste There are different TYPES OF SOLID WASTE depending on their source In today’s polluted world, learning the correct methods of handling the waste generated has become essential SEGREGATION is an important method of handling municipal solid waste WASTES

3. The generation of PLASTIC WASTE is increasing in the cities as the cities are growing in size various MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL METHODS are now being used to resolve this problems One common sight in all cities is the RAG PICKER , who plays an important role in the SEGREGATION of this waste Garbage generated in households can be RECYCLED AND REUSED to prevent creation of waste at source and reducing amount of waste thrown into the community dustbins

4. GENERATION OF SOLID WASTES AT VARIETY OF SOURCES Source Locations where waste is Generated Types of wastes Residential Low- medium and high-rise apartments, single/multiple family houses etc Food waste, paper, grass clippings, wood, bush and tree trimmings, diapers, glass bottles, plastic wrapping, etc Commercial Stores, restaurants, office buildings, hotels, motels, repair shops, public kitchens, etc Paper, wood, food waste, plastic, wrappings, glass and metal continers etc Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, governmental centres Paper, wood, food waste, plastic, canes and bottles etc Municipal services street cleaning, parks, other recreational areas, etc Street cleaning, grass clippings, plant and wood trimmings, general litter, etc Treatment plant sites Water and waste water treatment plants Sewage sludge, sludge from drinking water treatment, etc Industrial Industrial production Food waste, metal waste, wood waste, plastics, etc

5. Generation of solid wastes is a result of the activities in the community and therefore, the level of industrialization, type of society, culture have influence on the production rate and type of the wastes generated The number and types of sources can therefore vary significantly between communities, regions and countries Solid wastes are usually divided into different types depending on their source Major types of wastes are residential waste, commercial waste, sewage treatment sludge and industrial process waste Each type of waste can again be divided into different material fractions depending on the actual material contained in the residue

6. 1. REFUSE : Instead of buying new containers from the market, use the ones that are in the house. Refuse to buy new items though you may think they are prettier than the ones you already have 2. REUSE : Do not throw away the soft drink cans or the bottles and cover them with homemade paper or paint on them and use them as pencil stands or small vases 3. RECYCLE : Use shopping bags made of cloth or jute, which can be used over and over again. Segregate your waste to make sure that it is collected and taken for recycling 4. REDUCE : Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste , e.g. carry your own shopping bag when you go to the market and put all your purchases directly into it REFUSE, REUSE, RECYCLE, REDUCE

7. SEGREGATION OF WASTE Waste can be segregated as 1. Biodegradable and 2. Non-biodegradable Biodegradable waste include organic waste, e.g. kitchen waste, vegetables, fruits, flowers, leaves from the garden and paper Non biodegradable waste can be further segregated into Recyclable waste – plastics, paper, glass, metal, etc Toxic waste – old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish Soiled – hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids TOXIC AND SOILED WASTE MUST BE DISPOSED OF WITH UTMOST CARE

8. SEGREGATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE Municipal waste is being generated in ever increasing volumes in the urban areas. The schematic diagram describes how municipal solid waste is segregated and where it can be used.

9. COMPOSITIONS OF MSW

10. ROLE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Human activities invariably involve the consumption of matter (food, water, etc.) and the production of waste products (waste water, air pollution, solid wastes, etc.). The human society may be viewed as a device that transforms natural resources into undesirable waste products under the production of desirable products such as energy, food, consumer goods etc. The Society Recyclable materials Waste products Natural resources Solid waste management Recycling Disposal

11. The depletion of natural resources is undesirable as it reduces the possibility for future generation to have access to the same resources as we have now The production of waste products also has negative side effects in terms of environmental degradation and pollution The PRINCIPLE OF SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT is therefore to reduce the amount of waste that is discharged into the environment by reducing the amount of waste generated and to transform the waste that is generated into a form where it can be recycled to the input side of the society. Thus, reducing the need for extraction of new natural resources

12. WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The whole set of activities related to collecting, handling, treating, disposing or recycling wastes is termed the waste management system The purpose of the waste management system is to make sure that the waste materials are removed from the source or location where they are generated and treated, disposed or recycled in a safe and proper manner The waste management system consists of four main parts Generation e.g. waste production Collection e.g. collection systems and transport of waste materials Treatment e.g. transformation of the waste materials into useful products Final disposal e.g. the use of recyclable products or the placement of non-recyclable materials in landfills

13. COMPONENTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PRODUCTION OF WASTE MATERIALS Waste types Source separation Internal collection Production rates Waste sources COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT Collection Transport Transfer TREATMENT Physical treatment Shredding Sorting Compaction Thermal treatment Incineration Gasification Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion Aerobic composting FINAL DISPOSITION Recycling Land filling

14. TYPES OF SOLID WASTE Municipal waste Hazardous waste Biomedical waste Electronic waste

15. CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTES

16. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE Biodegradable Non-biodegradable consist of organic matter and can be degraded consist of inorganic and recyclable materials which cannot be degraded Paper, food waste, vegetables, fruit peels, wood, etc. Plastics, glass and metals

17. TYPE DESCRIPTION SOURCE Garbage Wastes from the preparation, cooking and serving of food, market refuse, waste from the handling, storage, and sale of produce and meat. Households, institutions and commercial concerns such as hotels, stores, restaurants, market, etc Combustible and non-combustible Combustible (primarily organic) paper, cardboard, cartons, wood, boxes, plastic, rags, cloth, bedding, leather, rubber, grass, leaves, yard trimmings etc. Ashes Residue from fires used for cooking and for heating building cinders 17 CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTES Bulky wastes Large auto parts, tyres, stoves, refrigerators, other large appliances, furniture, large crates, trees branches, stumps etc Streets, sidewalks, alleys, vacant plots etc. Street wastes Street sweepings, dirt, leaves etc. Dead animals Dogs , cats, rats, donkeys etc. Abandoned vehicles Automobiles and spare parts Construction and demolition wastes Roofing and sheathing scraps, rubble, broken concrete, plaster, conduit pipe, wire, insulation etc Construction and demolition sites

18. Type Description Source Industrial wastes Solid wastes resulting from industrial processes and manufacturing operations, such as food processing wastes, boiler house cinders, wood, plastic and metal scraps, shaving etc Factories, power plants etc Hazardous wastes Pathological wastes, explosives, radioactive materials etc. Households, hospitals , institutions, stores, industry etc Animals & agricultural wastes Manure, crop residues etc Livestock, farms, feedlots and agriculture Sewage treatment residue Coarse screening grit, septic tank sludge, dewatered sludge. Sewage treatment plants and septic tanks. 18 CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTES

19. 19 CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTE APPROXIMATE TIME TAKEN TO DEGENERATE Biodegradable Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit peels, food waste etc A week or two Paper Upto 30 days Cotton cloth 2-5 months Woollen items 1 year Wood upto15 years Non-biodegradable Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as cans 100-500 years Plastic bags One million years? Glass bottles Undetermined DEGENERATION TIME-SOLID WASTES

20. CLIMATE CHANGE/GLOBAL WARMING Green House Effect Some gases naturally exist in the atmosphere, the so called Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) that form a blanket surrounding the earth and keeps the earth warmer. This is called Greenhouse Effect Enhanced Greenhouse Effect Human activities (fossil fuel burning, depletion of sinks like forests etc.) has been increasing the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere and is leading to rise in temperatures. This is called Enhanced Greenhouse Effect. Global Warming/Climate Change Rise in temperatures of earth and other associated climatic changes as caused by the Enhanced Green House Effect is called “Global Warming” and in broader term “Climate Change”

21. POTENTIAL OF GREEN HOUSE GASES Name Formula GWP (CO 2 eq.) 1. Carbon- dioxide ( CO 2 ) 1 2. Methane ( CH 4 ) 21 3. Nitrous oxide ( N 2 O) 310 5. Per- fluorocarbons (PFCs) 92,00 4. Hydro- fluorocarbons (HFCs) 11,700 6. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 23,900 Sinks (carbon sequestration)

22. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL Types of materials or refuse commonly transported to a disposal site .

23. a . Domestic/Residential Waste This category of waste comprises the solid wastes that originate from single and multi-family household units. These wastes are generated as a consequence of household activities such as cooking, cleaning, repairs, hobbies, redecoration, empty containers, packaging, clothing, old books, writing/new paper, and old furnishings. Households also discard bulky wastes such as furniture and large appliances which cannot be repaired and used. b. Municipal Waste Municipal waste include wastes resulting from municipal activities and services such as street waste, dead animals, market waste and abandoned vehicles. However, the term is commonly applied in a wider sense to incorporate domestic wastes, institutional wastes and commercial wastes.

24. c. Commercial Waste Included in this category are solid wastes that originate in offices, wholesale and retail stores, restaurants, hotels, markets, warehouses and other commercial establishments. Some of these wastes are further classified as garbage and others as rubbish. d. Institutional Waste Institutional wastes are those arising from institutions such as schools, universities, hospitals and research institutes. It includes wastes which are classified as garbage and rubbish as well as wastes which are considered to be hazardous to public health and to the environment.

25. e. Industrial Wastes In the category are the discarded solid material of manufacturing processes and industrial operations. They cover a vast range of substances which are unique to each industry. For this reason they are considered separately from municipal wastes. It should be noted, however, that solid wastes from small industrial plants and ash from power plants are frequently disposed of at municipal landfills. f. Agricultural wastes Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations. It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses; harvest waste; fertilizer run- off from fields; pesticides that enter into water, air or soils; and salt and silt drained from fields

26. Biodegradable Biodegradable wastes are those waste materials that can be degraded by natural factors like microbes (e.g. bacteria, fungi and a few more), abiotic elements like temperature, UV, oxygen, etc . Microorganisms and other abiotic factors together contribute towards breaking down complex substances into simpler organic matters. These substances eventually suspend and fade into the soil. The whole process is natural which is sometimes slow and sometimes rapid. Non-Biodegradable Non - Biodegradable objects or materials are those which do not easily decompose by natural factors. Non - Biodegradable Waste is the kind of waste that cannot be decomposed by biological processes. Most of the inorganic, plastic and artificial waste are non-biodegradable. Non-biodegradable wastes are of two types. The kind of non-biodegradable that can be recycled are known as “Recyclable waste” and those which cannot be recycled are known as “Non-recyclable waste”. Most of the non-biodegradable waste is non-recyclable waste making them extremely harmful and dangerous for the environment as well as human health.

27. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SWM is the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transportation, processing and disposal of solid wastes This includes all technological, financial, institutional and legal aspects involved to solve the whole spectrum of issues related solid waste

28. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Solid waste management may be defined as the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other environmental considerations and that is also responsive to public attitudes. In its scope, solid waste management includes all administrative, financial, legal, planning and engineering functions involved in solutions to all problems of solid wastes. The solutions may involve complex interdisciplinary relationships among such fields as political science, city and regional planning, geography, economics, public health, sociology, demography, communications and conservation, as well as engineering and materials science

29. GENERATION Generation of solid waste is a result of natural, human and animal activities Knowledge of generation of solid waste is important in the planning, designing and operation of solid waste management system. Generation has two aspects: One is the quality of solid waste and the other is the quantity of solid waste. Quality includes the sources, types and typical composition of solid waste along with its properties whereas the quantity represents the generation rates and total quantities and volumes of waste generated. The handling, storage and separation of solid waste at the source before they are collected is a critical step in the management of residential solid waste

30. WASTE HANDLING Handling refers to activities associated with managing solid wastes until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection or return to drop-off and recycling centers. The specific activities associated with handling waste materials at the source of generation will vary depending on the types of waste materials that are separated for reuse and recycling and the extent to which these materials are separated from the waste stream. Depending on the type of collection service, handling may also be required to move the loaded containers to the collection point and to return the empty container to the point where they are stored between collections

31. WASTE STORAGE The first phase to manage solid waste is at home level. It requires temporary storage of refuse on the premises. The individual household or businessman has responsibility for onsite storage of solid waste. For individual homes, industries, and other commercial centers, proper on-site storage of solid waste is the beginning of proper disposal, because unkept solid waste or simple dumps are sources of nuisance, flies, smells and other hazards . TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT Transfer and Transport refers to the means, facilities, appurtenances used to affect the transfer of wastes from one location to another, usually more distant location. Typically, the wastes from relatively small collection vehicles are transferred to larger vehicles and then transported to distant locations.

32. RESOURCE RECOVERY AND PROCESSING Resource recovery is a partial solid waste disposal and reclamation process. It can be expected to achieve waste reductions in future landfill volume requirements. Resource recovery must recognize what is worth recovering and the environmental benefits . DISPOSAL Most of the organic content after segregation may be subjected to bacterial decomposition with an end product called humus or compost. The entire process involving both separation and bacterial conversion is known as “Composting” Decomposition of solid waste may be accomplished aerobically or anaerobically .

33. Waste generation Waste s torage Waste collection Transfer and transport Processing Disposal of final rejects 36 FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

34. 37 STATUS OF SWM IN CHENNAI CITY

35. 38 Information on waste quantity and composition is essential for formulating solid waste management plan for any city Factors affecting waste generation Location Climate Socio-economic factors WASTE GENERATION

36. 39 Physical Density of waste Moisture content Size Chemical Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins Natural fibres Synthetic organic materials Non-combustibles WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

37. Waste collection is the component of waste management which results in the passage of a waste material from the source of production to either the point of treatment or final disposal Waste collection also includes the collection of recyclable materials that technically are not waste, as part of a municipal landfill diversion program

38. WASTE COLLECTION, STORAGE AND TRANSPORT

39. WASTE COLLECTION, STORAGE & TRANSPORT FACTORS INFLUENCE THE WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM

40. COLLECTION POINTS Residential Commercial Industrial

41. COLLECTION FREQUENCY Climatic conditions and requirements of a locality Containers Costs

42. Segregation at source Activities associated with the handling of SW until they are placed in the containers used r storage before collection ON-SITE STORAGE Factors considered Types of containers used Container Locations Public health Aesthetics Methods of Collection STORAGE

43. WASTE CONTAINER AND VEHICLES

44. WASTE COLLECTION

45. TRANSFER Refers to the movement of waste or materials from the primary collection vehicle to a secondary transport vehicle The point of transfer -"transfer station" Primary collection vehicles bring their waste to a transfer station and dump it Shredding, compacting, screening, wetting and drying

46. Muscle-powered vehicles work well In densely populated areas On hilly, wet, or rough terrain; and Where there is relatively small volume of waste Disadvantages Use of animals or human power is old-fashioned or shameful; Limited traveling range and are generally slower than fuel-powered vehicles The problems of animal temperament, health, etc

47. LARGE DRUMS ARE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN SMALL BINS FOR TRANSPORTING WASTES UN-MIXED HOUSEHOLD WASTE SEGREGATION WILL FAIL IF THE WASTES ARE TRANSPORTED MIXED LIKE THIS SINGLE-SPACE HANDCARTS ARE ONLY USEFUL FOR BULKY GARDEN WASTE MESH TRICYCLES FOR USEFUL FOR TRANSPORTING ONLY DRY RECYCLABLES

48. CHENNAI'S GROUND-LEVEL TRANSFER STATION IS IDEAL. WASTE UNLOADED IN A TROUGH IS LIFTED BY ROTATING GRAB AND LOADED INTO LARGER TRUCKS DRYWASTE SORTING AND STORAGE NEEDS DEDICATED SPACE DEBRIS, DRAIN SILT, ROAD DUST AND OTHER INERTS SHOULD BE COLLECTED IN A SEPARATE VEHICLE AT A SEPARATE TIME JAIPUR PORTABLE STREET BIN

49. Compactor trucks have the following characteristics High capital cost Sensitive hydraulic mechanisms which must be well maintained High fuel usage and operating cost Moderate skill level to operate At least two persons needed to operate under most conditions

50. Compactor trucks work well where Streets wide enough to allow passage and turning The waste is set out in containers or bags, so that crews can pick them up quickly The density and moisture content of the waste are low Compactors work poorly where The waste stream is either very dense or very wet Compaction tends to squeeze out the moisture and discharge it as leachate Collected materials are gritty or abrasive The roads are very dusty

51. TYPES OF WASTE COLLECTION VEHICLE Front loaders Rear loaders Side loaders Pneumatic collection Grapple trucks

52. FRONT LOADERS REAR LOADERS

53. SIDE LOADERS PNEUMATIC COLLECTION

54. GRAPPLE TRUCKS

55. PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTION OF COLLECTION VEHICLES Which use the minimum amount of energy Choose locally made equipment, traditional vehicle design, and local expertise whenever possible Select equipment that can be locally serviced and repaired, and for which parts are available locally Choose muscle- and animal-powered or light mechanical vehicles in crowded or hilly areas or informal settlements in developing countries. Choose non-compactor trucks, wagons, dump trucks, or vans where population is dispersed, or waste is already dense Consider the advantages of hybrid systems where appropriate Consider compactor trucks in industrialized urban areas Choose European-style automated collection vehicles

56. CONTAINERS

57. PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTION OF SET-OUT CONTAINERS Choose containers made of local, recycled or readily available materials Easy to identify, either due to shape, colour or special markings Sturdy and/or easy to repair or replace Identification of containers with generators by address or name or code number Choose containers that are matched to the collection objectives

58. The collection vehicle could be a motorized vehicle, a pushcart or a trailer towed by a suitable prime mover (tractor, etc ) The collection vehicle selected must be appropriate to the terrain, type and density of waste generation points, the way it travels and type and kind of material It also depends upon strength, stature and capability of the crew that will work with it. The collection vehicle may be small and simple (e.g., two-wheeled cart pulled by an individual) or large, complex and energy intensive (e.g., rear loading compactor truck ). COLLECTION VEHICLES

59. COLLECTION ROUTE

60. Compactors and properly covered dump trucks were to be utilized to transport the waste to the landfill site Separate vehicles were to be employed for transportation of biodegradable waste and mixed recyclable waste Compactor loaders directly lift the bin, unload the waste and replace it in the original position Choice of vehicle depends on the access roads to individual sites Dump trucks are fitted with hydraulic equipments which enable them to unload waste without the help of manual labour TRANSPORTATION OF WASTE

61. 68 MATERIAL ADVANTAGE DRAWBACKS Aluminum Aluminum has a high market value. Aluminum recycling requires significantly less energy than producing aluminum from ore. Separate collection is important. Recycling is suitable only if a processing plant is available. Batteries Recycling recovers valuable heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and mercury. Large variation in type and size of batteries requires specific recycling processes. Concrete and demolition waste Demolition waste can be crushed to gravel and reused in road construction and landscaping Recycled waste is valuable only if there is a lack of other construction material IMPORTANT RECYCLING MATERIAL ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS Glass Use of recycled glass saves energy compared with processing raw material. Can be recycled indefinitely because it does not deteriorate from reprocessing. Broken glass can contaminate and eliminate opportunities for recycling. Organic waste Most commonly recycled by composting or anaerobic digestion. Though compost is very beneficial to depleted soils, it still has a low market value.

62. Other metal Scrap metal has a high market value (especially steel, copper, silver and platinum) and can be recycled indefinitely. High-value metals (such as copper and silver) are incorporated in electronic devices, but extraction can cause environmental impacts. IMPORTANT RECYCLING MATERIAL ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS MATERIAL ADVANTAGE DRAWBACKS Paper Paper can be easily recycled; quality deteriorates. Recycled paper requires less energy. Appropriate technologies with circular processes are required to protect the environment. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) PET can be recycled if segregated from other waste. PET has a high market value if processing plants are available. More ‘ downcyling ’ than recycling occurs because quality decreases with every processing cycle. Other plastic Such as polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride, can be recycled but has less value Recycling requires specific machinery Electronic waste Electronic waste (such as computers or mobile phones) contains high value metals. Electronic items can be dismantled, reused or recycled. Metals are often covered with polyvinyl chloride or resins, which are often smelted or burned, causing toxic emissions.

63. 70 SL.NO CHEMICAL NAME ABBREVIATION TYPICAL USES 1 Polyethylene terephthalate PETE Soft drink bottles 2 High-density polyethylene HDPE Milk cartons 3 Polyvinyl Chloride PVC Food packaging, wire insulation and pipe COMMON TYPES OF PLASTICS THAT MAY BE RECYCLED 4 Low-density polyethylene LDPE Plastic film used for food wrapping, trash bags, grocery bags, baby diapers 5 Polypropylene PP Automobile battery casings and bottle caps 6 Polystyrene PS Food packaging, foam cups and plates and eating utensils 7 Mixed plastic Fence posts, benches and pallets

64. WASTE INTERACTION WITH HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

65. CHANGES OCCURRING IN A WASTE DUMP BIOLOGICAL CHANGES During the aerobic decomposition, carbon di-oxide is the principal gas produced. Once the available oxygen has been consumed, the decomposition becomes anaerobic and the organic matter is converted to Carbondioxide Methane Trace amounts of ammonia Hydrogen sulfide Many other chemical reactions are also biologically initiated therefore it is difficult to define the condition that will exist in any waste dump at any stated time

66. CHEMICAL CHANGES The chemical reactions that occurs in a waste dump are Dissolution Suspension of waste materials Biological conversion products in the liquid percolating through the waste Vaporization of chemical compounds Sorption of volatile and semi volatile organic compounds into the waste material Decomposition of organic compounds Oxidation-reduction reactions affecting metals and the solubility of metal salts. The dissolution of biological conversion into the leachate is of special importance because these materials can be transported out of the waste dump with the leachate.

67. PHYSICAL CHANGES The important physical changes in waste dumps are Lateral movement of gases in the waste Emission of gases to the surrounding environment Movement of leachate within the waste and into underlying soils Settlement caused by consolidation and decomposition of the waste.