A Comprehensive Guide to C Programing Basics, Variable Declarations, Input/Output Techniques, and Code Documentation for Aspiring Developers and Programmers to Enhance Their Skills and Build a Strong Foundation in C Language.

Title: Program Basics in C Language

Description:

This comprehensive presentation delves into the foundational concepts of programming in C, designed for both novice and experienced programmers seeking to strengthen their understanding of the language's core principles.

Outline:

Program Skeleton: Explore the essential structure of a C program, including preprocessor directives, global declarations, functions, local declarations, and statements that form the backbone of any C program.

Comments and Documentation: Learn the importance of comments in enhancing code readability and maintaining documentation for effective programming practices.

Identifiers and Reserved Words: Gain insights into the naming conventions in C, distinguishing between identifiers and reserved keywords that have predefined meanings within the language.

Variable Declarations: Understand how to allocate memory and declare variables using atomic types such as void, int, float, and char, ensuring efficient data management in your programs.

Constants: Discover the various types of constants, including literals and defined constants, and their role in programming.

Formatted Input/Output: Master the techniques for handling input and output in C, covering file operations, the printf function for monitor output (including format strings and field specifications), and the scanf function for keyboard input (including format strings and address lists).

Prompting for Input: Learn effective strategies for prompting users for input, enhancing user interaction within your programs.

This presentation serves as an essential resource for anyone interested in mastering the basics of C programming, equipping you with the knowledge to write effective and efficient C programs.

1. Introduction to “C” Muhammad Khubaib Awan

2. Introduction to C #include < stdio.h > int main () { printf (“ Welcome to C Programming ”); }

3. Outline II. Program Basics A. Program skeleton preprocessor directives global declarations functions local declarations statements B. Comments and Documentation C. Names (identifiers) reserved words This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

4. Outline (cont) II. Program Basics (cont) D. Variable declarations 1. Memory allocation 2. Atomic types void, int, float, char E. Constants 1. literal 2. defined 3. memory This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

5. Outline (cont) II. Program Basics (cont) F. Formatted input/output 1. Files 2. Printf (monitor output) a. format strings field specifications b. data list 3. Scanf (keyboard input) a. format strings b. address list 4. Prompting for Input

6. History of C 1960: ALGOL ( ALGOrithmic Language) 1967: BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) 1970: B programming language ( typeless ) 1972: C: BCPL plus B with types 1978: Kernighan + Ritchie standard for C 1989: ANSI standard for C

7. C Program Structure Program defined by: global declarations function definitions May contain preprocessor directives Always has one function named main , may contain others

8. C Program Structure

9. Parts of a Program

10. Preprocessor Directives

11. Declarations

12. Functions

13. Main Function

14. Comments

15. Comment Example

16. Documentation

17. Syntax of C

18. Identifier

19. Reserved Words

20. Valid/Invalid Identifiers Valid sum c4_5 A_NUMBER longnamewithmanychars TRUE _split_name Invalid 7of9 x-name name with spaces 1234a int AXYZ&

21. Program Execution

22. Variables

23. Variable Type

24. Variable Name

25. Multiple Variable Declarations Can create multiple variables of the same type in one statement: int x, y, z; is a shorthand for int x; int y; int z; - stylistically, the latter is often preferable

26. Variable Initialization Giving a variable an initial value Variables not necessarily initialized when declared (value is unpredictable - garbage ) Can initialize in declaration: Syntax: Type Name = Value ; Example: int x = 0;

27. Initialization Values

28. Multiple Declaration Initialization

29. Type

30. Standard Types

31. Literal Constants

32. Void Type

33. Integer Type

34. Integer Types/Values

35. Why Limited?

36. Two’s Complement Integers: positive number: 0, number in binary 97 in binary 1*64 + 1*32 + 1*1 (1100001) pad with leading zeroes (0 00000001100001) - 16 bits zero: 0, all zeroes negative number: 1, (inverse of number + 1) -97 (1, 111111110011110 + 1) 1 111111110011111

37. Unsigned Integers

38. Integer Literal Constants

39. Floating-Point Type

40. Floating-Point Representation

41. Floating-Point Limitations

42. Floating-Point Literals

43. Character Type

44. Character Literals

45. String Literals

46. Constants

47. Constants (cont) Memory constants declared similar to variables, type and name const added before declaration Example: const float PI = 3.14159; Can be used as a variable, but one that cannot be changed Since the value cannot be changed, it must be initialized

48. Formatted Input/Output

49. Formatted Output

50. Formatted Output (cont)

51. Field Specifications Format string may contain one or more field specifications Syntax: % [Flag][Width][Prec][Size]Code Codes: c - data printed as character d - data printed as integer f - data printed as floating-point value For each field specification, have one data value after format string, separated by commas

52. Field Specification Example

53. Width and Precision When printing numbers, generally use width/precision to determine format Width: how many character spaces to use in printing the field (minimum, if more needed, more used) Precision: for floating point numbers, how many characters appear after the decimal point, width counts decimal point, number of digits after decimal, remainder before decimal

54. Width/Precision Example printf(“%5d%8.3f\n”,753,4.1678); produces 753 4.168 values are right justified If not enough characters in width, minimum number used use 1 width to indicate minimum number of chars should be used

55. Left Justification (Flags) Put - after % to indicate value is left justified printf(“%-5d%-8.3fX\n”,753,4.1678); produces 753 4.168 X For integers, put 0 after % to indicate should pad with 0’s printf(“%05d”,753); produces 00753

56. Size Indicator

57. Printf Notes

58. Formatted Input

59. Formatted Input (cont) Generally only have field specifications and spaces in string any other character must be matched exactly (user must type that char or chars) space characters indicate white-space is ignored “white-space” - spaces, tabs, newlines %d and %f generally ignore leading white space anyway (looking for numbers) %d and %f read until next non-number char reached

60. Formatted Input (cont) More notes can use width in field specifications to indicate max number of characters to read for number computer will not read input until return typed if not enough input on this line, next line read, (and line after, etc.) inappropriate chars result in run-time errors (x when number expected) if end-of-file occurs while variable being read, an error occurs

61. Address Operator

62. Scanf Rules

63. Scanf Example

64. Prompting for Input

65. Thank You