a lecture about Urban plan and design Ch 1&2.pptx

a lecture about Urban plan and design

1. Hope Enterprize University College DEPARTMENT of ARCHITECTURE & URBAN PLANNING Introduction to Urban Planning Instructor:- Mulugeta Yilma (MSc) 10/17/2025 1

2. Introducing urban planning Plan ! Planning! and planner! Who is a planner? Many of the fundamental questions of planning concern the role of the state in social and spatial transformation so the need for social sciences. 2. The boundary b/n planners & other related professionals is not mutually exclusive “planners don’t just plan and non planners also plan.” 3. Planning is divided among those who define it according to its object (Land use pattern, bldgs.) and those by its method (Decision making ). 4. Planning borrows diverse methodologies from so many fields /economics, demo…….. 10/17/2025 2

3. What is planning? An act of formulating a program for a definite course of action. The act or process of drawing up plans or layouts for some project or enterprise. The cognitive process of thinking about what you will do in the event of something happening. 10/17/2025 3

4. Planning from different Perspectives In time horizon Short, medium and long term planning. In spatial terms National, Regional, Metropolitan, city/town, neighborhood planning…… in relation with different variables. 10/17/2025 4

5. What is urban/city? Can be described referring a social, economic, political and physical terms.. Mumford; a theatre of social action, every activity serve to make the social drama. A concrete jungle and full of bricks and asphalts. A place where man exploits man….. Urban vs. rural Urban : Pop. density, sectoral activity, service provision Sectoral activities 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd Rural --------served by natural resources. Urban -----------institutional provisions. 10/17/2025 5

6. The formation of cities The case of Ethiopian towns for different purposes: Admin. Economic Military….. 10/17/2025 6

7. What is urban planning? The science of managing and directing city growth. The discipline of distributing urban or suburban functions spatially, in terms of activity patterns of people in the physical setting. The branch of architecture dealing with the design and organization of urban space and activities. City planning: determining and drawing up plans for the future physical arrangement and condition of a community. Urban, city, or town planning is the discipline of land use planning which explores a very wide range of aspects of the built and social environments of urbanized municipalities and communities. ... 10/17/2025 7

8. Types of urban plans: Master planning/ Comprehensive planning, Structural plan, Local development plan, Neighborhood planning…… Strategic and action plans 10/17/2025 8

9. BASIC ELEMENTS Territory >>> vision >>> visionary Setting vision What we want the town/city looks like in the future. Setting mission Describes the general purpose of the town, why it exists, what does it do and why. SWOT AND PEST Analysis, What are these? 10/17/2025 9

10. Why Planning ? Urban planning methods Among different methods the contemporary urban planning methods shift to the “human scale development planning method” is advocated. The technique used in this method is participatory or processes to more inclusive and interactive planning processes. 10/17/2025 10

11. URBANIZATION The world is rapidly becoming urbanized. The total number of urban agglomerations with population of 500,000 or more was 438 in 1980. In 2010 this number is estimated to be more than double to 892 and the number of people residing in these cities will increase five times, from 745million to 3.8billion. Recently revised United Nations estimates show that 45 percent of the world population lived in urban areas in 1994. One half of the world population is expected to reside in urban areas by 2005 and more than three fifth by year 2025. 10/17/2025 11

12. Urban Population Growth by Region % of national population % of world urban population Region 1975 2000 2025 1975 2000 2025 Africa 25 37 54 7 10 16 Asia 25 38 55 39 49 54 Latin America 61 76 85 13 14 12 North América 74 77 85 11 8 6 Europe 67 75 83 30 19 12 World 38 50 61 -- -- -- 10/17/2025 12

13. URBANIZATION URBANIZATION PROCESS Urbanization is a process by which a population becomes concentrated in cities or urban places. The urbanization process takes place in either of two distinct ways. Through an increase in the number of urban places. Through an increase in the size of the population residing in each urban places. 10/17/2025 13

14. URBANIZATION The degree or level of urbanization(U) is normally measured by the index that is some kind of ratio between the urban population(PU) and the total population( pt ). U = Pu * 100 Pt Therefore , the process of urbanization as ordinarily used refers to an increase in the degree to which the proportion of a nation or regions populations is to be found concentrated in towns and cities . It is thus a measure of the relative growth of urban populations with in a given territory . 10/17/2025 14

15. PROBLEMS OF URBANIZATION Excessive in size. Overcrowding. Shortage of Urban Service. Slums and Squatters. Traffic Congestion. Unemployment and Underemployment. Environmental Degradation. Urban Expansion and Loss of Agricultural Land. Lack of Social Responsibility. 10/17/2025 15

16. IDEOLOGIES ABOUT CITIES AND TOWNS Different IDEOLOGIES about cities and their space during the pre-planning and planning periods (according to Francoise Chaoy ) Pre-planning Liberalization of planning exercise Planning period Historians After the Ind. Revolution Architects Planners, Engineers Economist Politicians 10/17/2025 16

17. Ideologies/models during the pre-planning period Progressist …..(Robert own) Planning cities based on a human desire, need and requirements. Calculated mathematically referring the physical condition of an individual whenever and wherever it is. Principal elements of town are habitation, work, culture, recreation. No precise spatial limitation for cities. 10/17/2025 17

18. Ideologies contd. Culturalist ….(John Ruskin ) Basic reference here is the community and its culture. Circumscribed towns/precise geographic limitation. Keeping its state of natural savagery. Ideologies with out model ( karlmarx , F.engles ) Historical places of a human being where the proletariat are/will be born to take a leading position. No difference between towns and country side. 10/17/2025 18

19. Ideologies contd.. Ideologies during the planning period Progressist (Tony garnier , Le Corbusier) Development and modernity of cities based on industrialization and art. Focuses on technical and esthetical aspects Culturalist (Ebenezer Howard) Advocates the spatial limitation of cities (the idea of green belts). Particular size and location (30-58 habitants with a certain limited area ). 10/17/2025 19

20. Ideologies contd .. Naturalist (frank Lloyd ) Industrial cities has alienated(isolated) the human being. Human being can be well treated by nature to which he belongs. Continuation of nature. Location of different activities in different places, with out disturbing the nature. 10/17/2025 20

21. THE NEEDED INFORMATION FOR PLANNING Certain type of information is of general use in almost all parts of the city plan. Among these the major ones are the base map, natural resources economic resources, population distribution and land use survey results on the natural and man made or artificial elements. BASE MAPS Which can provide information's on the nature, place and form of the environment, A knowledge and record of the topography, geology, climate, minerals, areas of special interest, location of rich agricultural land and source of population. At the same time used to identify all artificial or man made elements for the planning purpose. 10/17/2025 21

22. THE NEEDED INFORMATION FOR PLANNING CONTD. Natural Resources of the community natural resources including both character and location . Economic resources Information should be gathered on the locations and kind of manufacturing industries and on all types of employment and economic activities. The trend of the economic development /the past and the future. 10/17/2025 22

23. THE NEEDED INFORMATION FOR PLANNING CONTD. Population Distribution and Trends Information about the number and distribution of the people who live in the community and some estimate of the future population to be provided for . The Existing Population Knowledge of the present is necessary in order to plan the future. The following aspects of population must therefore be studied. Size :- the first prerequisite is to establish the current total population 10/17/2025 23

24. THE NEEDED INFORMATION FOR PLANNING CONTD . Characteristics :- breakdown of the population in terms of age, sex and socio-economic group. Distribution :- distribution of all identified groups . This will assist, for instance, in the formulation of redevelopment programs, but most especially in the more detailed land use location decisions-where best to place new schools, libraries, health centers and offices,. 10/17/2025 24

25. THE NEEDED INFORMATION FOR PLANNING CONTD. Natural change, the difference between birth and death rate and migration. Migration is very much more complex to judge. Trends in Existing Population . Before being able to predict future population changes it is necessary to examine existing trends and consider their future relevance . 10/17/2025 25

26. THE NEEDED INFORMATION FOR PLANNING CONTD. Size :- if there are any symptoms of change in the factor that govern population size, whether or not numbers are declining, stable or increasing . What are the respective birth, death, marriage and fertility rates, what is the level of migration, and what are determining factors? Characteristics:- Distribution :- 10/17/2025 26

27. Chapter two THE PROCESS OF PLANNING 10/17/2025 27

28. THE PROCESS OF PLANNING The demand to prepare an urban plan might arise as a result of new additions to an existing city, the need to prepare a new plan revision of an existing plan. The following general procedures are involved in carrying out these obligations . Initiation for planning and preparing work plan. Identification of current context. Conduction analysis and formulating goals. Preparing alternatives. Evaluating alternatives. Adopting plans. Monitoring implementations. 10/17/2025 28

29. THE PROCESS OF PLANNING CONTD. Initiation for Planning and Preparing work Plan Developing a single purpose statement or complex sets of vision about the development of the planning area . Identification of agencies to carry out plan preparation , Setting deadlines for critical components of the planning task. Dates for public participation states, Environmental review periods, Review of draft plans, Presenting final plan, and Deadline for plan adoption, 10/17/2025 29

30. THE PROCESS OF PLANNING CONTD. Identification of Current Context Existing land use, Natural environment, Infrastructure capacity , Existing commitments and policies, Population and social characteristics, Housing stock and need, Economic conditions, and Planning ideas . Source of data for each of these items are identified and data is collected. 10/17/2025 30

31. THE PROCESS OF PLANNING CONTD. Conducting Analysis and Formulating Goals Analysis of data, Evaluation issues, Determining principles/assumptions, Formulating community vision and missions, objectives and policies. 10/17/2025 31

32. THE PROCESS OF PLANNING CONTD. Series of public participation is necessary before this stage is finalized. Several techniques could be used to promote public participation. Conducting surveys, Establishing task forces (advisory committees ), Arranging public meetings (public hearings, panel discussions, workshops, etc .), Employing mass media, Making meetings of elected official open, Announcing public hearing dates through mass media ahead of time, Inviting knowledgeable persons, elders, professions to workshops, Providing notice of preparation for all affected parties . 10/17/2025 32

33. THE PROCESS OF PLANNING CONTD. Preparing Plans The list of steps to be considered during the preparation of urban plans include: Setting of standards for different functions. Preparation of alternative plans for each of the objectives (sketch and written ). These alternative plans should include sets of principles, policies, standards, plan proposals, and implementation tools. Each alternative plan is then evaluated on at least three criteria: economic, social, and environmental objectives. Impact assessment of each alternative proposal is conducted as a plan evaluation. 10/17/2025 33

34. THE PROCESS OF PLANNING CONTD. Plan Evaluation Sets of criteria’s have to be fixed based on the goals and objectives of the community. The tasks that should be performed include the following : Fix evaluation criteria based on community goals and scientific knowledge. Devise mechanisms for professional evaluation of alternatives. Devise mechanisms for public evaluation of alternative plans. 10/17/2025 34

35. THE PROCESS OF PLANNING CONTD. Plan Approval After the community has thoroughly reviewed alternative plans, decision makers select a preferred plan or an amalgam of plans. The following process will take place: The planning agency proceeds to prepare a detailed plan that takes into consideration all comments on principles, objectives, and policies, plan proposals and implementation measures. An environmental impact review may be conducted if substantial changes have been made to an alternative. Before formal adoption of a plan, the planning commission holds a public hearing on the selected alternative . 10/17/2025 35

36. THE PROCESS OF PLANNING CONTD. The legislative body (or the city council) holds a public hearing on the draft plan and the recommendations of the planning commission. The public at large, affected bodies and individuals conduct the formal public review of draft plans, Sending draft general plans or parts thereof to selected national agencies, National agencies respond to new draft plans of amendments to elements, After considering all comments and recommendations the local council adopts a general plan. The aim of this processes is to ensure that the adopted vision, the polices and standards reflect community concerns and to wield/exercise together all stakeholders interests for the implementation of the plan. 10/17/2025 36