A literature review is an overview of the previously published works on a particular topic

Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is a new field that encourages the design and development of chemicals using principles that minimize the use and generation of toxic chemicals

1. Course Work Paper II Literature Review Presentation

2. CONTENTS PURPOSE OF A LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION BRIEF REVIEW OF WORK ALREADY DONE IN THIS FIELD FUTURE PROSPECTIVE REFERENCES

3. PURPOSE OF A LITERATURE REVIEW A literature review is  an overview of the previously published works on a particular topic The purpose of a literature review is to: • Establish a theoretical framework • Define the key terms, definitions and terminology • Identify studies, model, case studies, etc. supporting the subject area • Define and establish the area of study The sources of literature review are journal articles, books, conference proceedings, government and corporate reports, newspapers, thesis, dissertations, internet, magazines, etc. These sources help to make review of literature effective .

4. GREEN SYNTHESIS Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is a new field that encourages the design and development of chemicals using principles that minimize the use and generation of toxic chemicals. The goal of green chemistry (GC) is the design (or redesign) of products and manufacturing processes to reduce their impact on  human health  and the environment. Fundamental to the GC concept is the idea of  sustainability  – reducing environmental impacts and conserving  natural resources  for future generations . Green chemistry is a revolutionary and emerging technology for eco-friendly processes. Using plant extracts to synthesize  NPs  is a recent growing field of interest due to its advantage over conventional physicochemical methods.

5. THE 12 PRINCIPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY

6. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Green Chemistry S. No. Advantages of Green Chemistry Disadvantages of Green Chemistry 1 Environmental Benefits Challenges in Implementation   – Reduced environmental impact – Technological barriers 2 Health Benefits Cost Considerations   – Safer products – Initial costs 3 Resource Efficiency Transition Period   – Efficient use of resources – Transition challenges 4 Innovation and Economic Opportunities Limited Availability of Green Alternatives   – Stimulates innovation – Limited options 5 Regulatory Compliance Educational and Awareness Gaps   – Compliance with regulations – Lack of awareness

7. ADVANCEMENT IN THE FIELD OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

8. METAL NANOPARTICLE These nanocarriers are in the size range of 10-1000 nm . Synthesized as targeted drug delivery systems. Have low toxicity as well as long term stability. As compared to the ocular therapeutic counterpart has greater bioavailability of drugs. Pass though barriers that conventional drugs can’t.

9. Different Synthetic Approaches Available for the Preparation of Metal Nanoparticles

10. BRIEF REVIEW OF WORK ALREADY DONE IN THIS FIELD S. No. Author Description 1. Devanesan et al. (2024) Eco-friendly CaO NPs were synthesized and they exhibited good anti-inflammatory activities (50–250 μ g/mL). Moreover, Eleusine coracana-mediated CaO NPs significantly inhibited the multiple drug-resistant Gram-positive Staphylococci epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis and Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae that were isolated from the corneal ulcer. This study provides a potential therapeutic option for multiple drug-resistant corneal pathogens that cause vision impairment . 2. Meshksar S et al. (2024) The study reported that Nigella sativa L. seed may have therapeutic effects on dry eye, a disease that manifests with symptoms of redness, burning, foreign body sensation, and sensitivity to light. The nanoparticle of Nigella sativa seed extract emulsion has a spherical shape with an approximate size of 10 nm. This study showed that Nigella sativa seed extract nano emulsion has a potentially positive effect on the amount of tear production in atropine-induced dry eyes .

11. S. No. Author Description 3. Moldovan M et al. (2023) The authors prepared gold nanoparticles phyto -reduced with Rutin ( AuNPsR ), as a possible solution. Insulin, Rutin, and AuNPsR were administered to an early, six-week rat model of diabetic retinopathy and cataract. Oxidative stress (MDA, CAT, SOD) was assessed in serum and eye homogenates, and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF alpha) were quantified in ocular tissues. Eye fundus of retinal arterioles, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of lenses, and histopathology of retinas were also performed. Diabetes mellitus was linked to constricted retinal arterioles, reduced endogen antioxidants, and eye inflammation . 4. Wu Y. et al. (2023) The prepared metallic nanoparticles of CuNPs were used owing to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. The CuNPs biosynthetic capability of the leaves of pharmacologically important Camellia azalea was reported in the study. The conjunctival tissue in copper nanoparticles treated guinea pigs had mild mononuclear infiltration compared to the PBS-treated ones, which had intense conjunctival tissue inflammatory infiltration .

12. S. No. Author Description 5. Chakole CM et al.(2022) The study reported a hydrogel loaded with a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) of brinzolamide. The hydrogel was prepared by a green synthesis approach using genipin as a natural crosslinking agent and polymers such as carboxymethyl chitosan and poloxamer. The melt emulsification ultrasonication method was used to prepare a nanostructured lipid carrier of brinzolamide, which was loaded into a hydrogel using a swelling and loading method. The hydrogel formulation of brinzolamide produced by the green synthesis method illustrated sustained-release properties with no sign of ocular irritation . 6. Dave V et al.(2020) The study reported green chemistry for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles with ginger extract for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Ginger extract itself is reported to have a therapeutic action on retinal damage. The biogenic AuNPs showed sustained release effect of the drug .

13. S. No. Author Description 7. Quereshi D et al. (2020) In this study neem seed oil (NSO) and gum arabic (GA) based emulsion was reported. The synthesized emulsions were thoroughly characterized for probable application in ocular drug delivery. The FTIR spectroscopy divulged that the glycoprotein complex of GA retained its functional architecture. The formation of the oil-in-water emulsion was confirmed by confocal microscopy. The released drug was capable of inhibiting the growth of the model bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) . 8. Noreen S et al.(2020) In this study gum was extracted from Terminalia arjuna bark resin and used as gelling agent in blend with sodium alginate. Drug-loaded in situ gel appeared as clear sol that converted into gel phase in presence of tear solution. Optimized formulation was stable, therapeutically efficacious, non-irritant and has a sustained release of the drug for twelve hours period. Instillation of MOX-HCl loaded in situ gel did not cause any type of irritation symptoms like redness, inflammation and excessive tear production in rabbits as compared to control. MOX-HCl loaded in situ gel can be appraised as a substitute for conventional eye drops for extended precorneal retention, improved corneal permeability along with better ocular bioavailability .

14. S. No. Author Description 9. Sarvamangala D et al.(2014) Prepared silver nanoparticles obtained through leaf extract of Alternanthera sessilis ( A.sessilis ) presented a size of 3 to 50 nm and were round in shape. It was observed that the synchronous action of AgNP’S assured prevention as well as eradication of ocular pathogens bereft of any side effect and Prepared silver nanoparticles obtained through leaf extract of Alternanthera sessilis ( A.sessilis ) presented a size of 3 to 50 nm and were round in shape. It was observed that the synchronous action of AgNP’S assured prevention as well as eradication of ocular pathogens bereft of any side effect and identified the synergetic activity of silver nanoparticles against ocular pathogens . 10. Narayanan J. Prepared gold nanoparticles (GNPs) fabricated using green synthesis methods could reduce the side effects associated with chemically synthesised metallic nanoparticles. The GNPs synthesised using Vitis vinifera L. extracts were nontoxic to RB cells and when they were conjugated to therapeutic peptides, the metal peptide conjugates exhibited efficacy in killing RB cells. The biologically safe preclinical evaluations should lead to novel therapy options for RB .

15. CONCLUSION The use of green synthesis utilizing natural resources and biologically active compounds to produce nanoparticles is an area of continuous research to improve processes, reduce environmental damage, and meet the increasing demand for the application of these nanostructures.

16. FUTURE PROSPECTIVE Green synthesis overall has a very promising scenario in the free competition to obtain  nanostructured materials  in relation to other methods. The expression “green synthesis,” implicitly represents an economical and simple procedural method where expensive or sophisticated equipment is not considered. These aspects have allowed green synthesis to excel in emerging and growing methods for metallic  nanostructures . Green synthesis has a very promising future and will remain in the short and medium term one of the most accessible, efficient, and effective methods to obtain nanostructured materia l. R educing environmental impacts and conserving  natural resources  for future generations .

17. REFERENCES 1. Krasnodębski M. The bumpy road to sustainability: Reassessing the history of the twelve principles of green chemistry. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. 2024 Feb 1;103:85-94. 2. Devanesan S, David HA, Ranjitsingh AJ, Alzahim T, Selvam R, AlSalhi MS. Efficient biogenesis of calcium oxide nanoparticles using the extract of Eleusine coracana seeds and their application against multidrug-resistant ocular bacterial pathogens. Environmental Research. 2024 Jun 15;251:118632. 3. Meshksar S, Jahromy MH, Qomi M, Sami N, Faali F. Formulation and evaluation of the effects of ophthalmic nanoemulsion of Nigella sativa seed extract on atropine-induced dry eye in mice. Phytomedicine Plus. 2024 Feb 27:100541. 4. Moldovan M, Păpurică AM, Muntean M, Bungărdean RM, Gheban D, Moldovan B, Katona G, David L, Filip GA. Effects of Gold Nanoparticles Phytoreduced with Rutin in an Early Rat Model of Diabetic Retinopathy and Cataracts. Metabolites. 2023 Aug 18;13(8):955.

18. 5. Wu Y. Green formulation and characterization of Camellia azalea synthesized copper nanoparticles and its application in the treatment of ovalbumin-induced allergic conjunctivitis. Journal of Engineering Research. 2023 Dec 1;11(4):283-7. 6. . Wu Y. Green formulation and characterization of Camellia azalea synthesized copper nanoparticles and its application in the treatment of ovalbumin-induced allergic conjunctivitis. Journal of Engineering Research. 2023 Dec 1;11(4):283-7. 7. Chakole CM, Sahoo PK, Pandey J, Chauhan MK. A green chemistry approach towards synthesizing hydrogel for sustained ocular delivery of brinzolamide: In vitro and ex vivo evaluation. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 2022 Feb 1;99(2):100323. 8. Dave V, Sharma R, Gupta C, Sur S. Folic acid modified gold nanoparticle for targeted delivery of Sorafenib tosylate towards the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces . 2020 Oct 1;194:111151. 9. Quereshi D, Dhal S, Das D, Mohanty B, Anis A, Shaikh H, Hanh Nguyen TT, Kim D, Sarkar P, Pal K. Neem seed oil and gum arabic -based oil-in-water emulsions as potential ocular drug delivery system. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. 2020 Nov 2;41(13):1911-24.

19. 10. Noreen S, Ghumman SA, Batool F, Ijaz B, Basharat M, Noureen S, Kausar T, Iqbal S. Terminalia arjuna gum/alginate in situ gel system with prolonged retention time for ophthalmic drug delivery. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2020 Jun 1;152:1056-67. 11. Sarvamangala D, Kantipriya K, Murthy US. Green synthesis of AgNP’S using Alternanthera sessilis leaf extract [a natural source for ocular therapy]. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol. 2014;3:15000-10. 12. Narayanan J, Elchuri SV. Green synthesis of nanomaterials for Eye cancer research with focus on Retinoblastoma. Scientific Committee.:60. 13. Cong CQ, Dat NM, Hai ND, Nam NT, An H, Do Dat T, Dat NT, Phong MT, Hieu NH. Green synthesis of carbon-doped zinc oxide using Garcinia mangostana peel extract: characterization, photocatalytic degradation, and hydrogen peroxide production. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2023 Mar 15;392:136269. 14. Devanesan S, AlSalhi MS. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the flower extract of Abelmoschus esculentus for cytotoxicity and antimicrobial studies. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2021 May 14:3343-56.