A-V aids.ppt cet subject for nursing students

A-V aids.ppt cet subject for nursing students

1. AUDIO –VISUAL AIDS

2. Definition
Audiovisual aids are defined as any device
used to aid in the communication of an idea.
Audio-Visual aids are any device which can be used
to make the learning experience more concrete, more
realistic and more dynamic.

3. Purposes of A-V aids:
The purpose of visual aids is to support a message, most
commonly, a presentation of information, to a group of
people.
To initiate and sustain attention, concentration and
personal involvement of the students in learning
To provide concreteness, realism and life likeness in the
teaching learning situation
To gain practical skill
Clarity:
Confidence:

4. Concepts:
Major causes of death in neonates and
children
•Neonatal deaths-38%
•Acute Resp Infection –17%
•Diarrhoeal disease –16%
•Malaria –7%
•Meales –4%
•HIV –2%
•Other Infections –9%
•Noncommunicabal disease –4%
•Injuries –4%

5. Types of A-V aids:
Simple Sophisticated
Chalkboard
Wallboard
Bulletin board
Charts
Posters
Drawings
Graphs
Album
Pamplets
Leaflets
Handouts
Flip charts
Flash cards
Slide projector
Sound films
Video films
Television
Overhead projector
Radio
Computer
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

6. Audio Visual Audio Visual material
Radio
Sound
distribution
systems
Tape recordings
Chalkboard
Wallboard
Bulletinboard
Charts
Posters
Drawings
Graphs
Album
Pamplets
Leaflets
Handouts
Flip charts
Flash cards
Models
Overhead projector
Video films
Television
Computer
Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD)

7. Projected Non-Projected
Graphic aids Three
dimensional
Printed aids Audio aids
Slides
Overhead
projector
Films
TV,
VCR/VC
D
Camera
LCD
Chalk
board
Chart
Graph
Poster
Flash
cards
Flannel
graph
Bulletin
board
Objects
Specimens
Models
Pamplets
leaflets
Tape
recorder
Radio etc

8. Principles in the use of A-V Aids:
Principle of Selection:
A-V aids are means to an end, not the end
in themselves:
Principle of preparations:
Principle of proper presentation:
Principle of physical control:
Principle of response:
Principle of evaluation:

9. ADVANTAGES
A.V.Aidshelps in effective perceptual and conceptual learning.
A.V.Aidshelpful in capturing and sustaining attention of
students.
A.V.Aidsarouses interest and motivates students to learn.
A.V.Aidsis helpful in new learning.
A.V.Aidshelps in saving energy and time of both the teacher’s
and students.
A.V.Aidsprovides near realistic experience.
A.V.Aidscan meet individual demands.
A.V.Aidsis useful in for education of masses.

10. SELECTING AUDIO AND VISUAL AIDS
Time and Budget
Audience Preference
Size and Location of Audience
Facilities and Equipment

11. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD TEACHING AIDS:
Meaningful and purposeful
Motivates the learners
Accurate in every aspect
Simple and cheap
Improvised
Large in size
Up-to-date
Easily portable

12. Dale’s Cone of experience:

13. Graphic aids: Graphics(from Greekgraphikos) are
visualpresentations on some surface, such as a wall,
canvas, computer screen, paper, or stone etc.
1. CHALK BOARD
Ablackboardorchalkboardisareusablewriting
surfaceonwhichtextordrawingsaremadewithsticks
ofcalciumsulfate,known,whenusedforthispurpose,
aschalk.

14. Uses of Chalkboard:
The chalkoboardis an excellent supplement to other aids.
The lesson can be summarized in the right manner with the
help of the board.
The teacher can illustrate his lesson on the chalkboard and
draw attention of the class to salient features in the lesson.
Facts, ideas and processes can often be illustrated with the
help of drawing, sketches and other visual symbols.
Chalkboard allows for spontaneity in the classroom. If
students are suddenly confused about something, the point
can be illustrated on the board.

15. It can be put to wide and varied uses. A teacher can
use it for graphs, maps, graphic statistics, sketches
and various types of drawings.
It provides a lot of space for decorative and creative
work.
The teacher can erase writings and drawings and start
afresh.

16. Types of Chalkboards:
Fixed Chalkboards
Chalk board on
easel
Roller chalkboard
Graphic chalkboard
Magnetic
chalkboard

17. Points to be remembered while using
chalkboard
Plan the use of chalkboard and everything needed for using the
chalkboard should be kept ready before the class begins, ie,
chalks , duster etc.
It should be ensured that chalkboard is well lit by natural or
artificial means.
Clean the chalkboard completely before starting the class.
Write on the board according to a predecidedplan. Board can be
divided into two to three parts by drawing vertical lines. Writing
should be started from the top left corner.
Diagrams and pictures can be sketched before class. Doing so not
only saves time but also permits the teacher to draw a neater
sketch than might be produced under pressure and eyes of the
students.

18. Don’t speak to the chalkboard. Keep turning back
and forth, speak to the students whole writing on
the board.
Do not crowd the chalkboard with too much
matter. Only few important points to be written on
chalkboard.
Allow the students to see the board uninterrupted.
Rub the chalkboard with duster and not by hand
or hand kerchief can be used for rubbing.
Hold the chalk between thumb and fingers. Break
off a little piece to avoid squeaking while writing.
Use colouredchalks in order to distinguish some
parts and to highlight some components of the
visuals on the board.

19. Advantages of chalkboard:
It is affordable and easily available
It is simple to use with little practice
Electricity is not a must for using the chalkboard
It is economic and reusable
It can be put to wide and varied uses
Sequential development of the content can be done
effectively
Students interests in the class work can be
stimulated

20. It can be used indoor and outdoor
Provide a lot of space for decorative and
creative work
Teacher can make students to write on the
board
Teacher can review whole lesson for the
benefit of students with the help of the
chalkboard
Mistakes can be rubbed off and corrected
instantly
It allows for spontaneity in the classroom

21. Disadvantages of chalkboard:
Chalkboard cannot be used with large groups
Material cannot be saved until the next class
Teacher’s back is to the students while writing
on the board is a disadvantage because
teacher lose eye contact with the students and
may interrupts communication
Advanced preparation of the material is not
possible and cannot illustrate moving parts.

22. 2. Charts:
Charts may be defined as combination of
graphic and pictorial material designed for
orderly and logically visualizing of relationship
between kea facts and ideas.
The main function of chart is to show
relationship such as comparisons,
developments, processes, classification and
organizations.

24. Purposes of charts
For presenting material symbolically
For summarizing information
For showing continuity in process
For presenting abstract ideas in visual form
For showing development of structure
For motivating the students

25. Types of charts:
The flow Chart:It is use to show organizational
elements and its relationship between each other. In
this chart lines, rectangles, circles and other graphic
representations are connected by lines showing the
directional flow.

26. The Tabulation chart: Here data is presented in
tabular form. It is used for comparisons or listing
advantages and disadvantages of certain things.
It presents information in orderly sequence

27. The cause and effect chart:It is usually a
limited left to right arrangement of facts and
ideas for expressing.

28. The chain charts:A circular or semicircular
arrangement of facts and ideas for
expressing.

29. The Evolution chart: a Left to right
arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing
changes in specific items from beginning to
date, perhaps with projections into the future.
Ex –Human development

30. 3. Graphs
Graphs are flat pictures which employ dots,
lines or pictures to visualize numerical or
statistical data to show statistics or
relationships.

31. Types:
Circle or Pie graph:
These are called as
circle diagram. The
sections of the circles
are used to represent the
component parts of the
whole.
Bar graph:
Consist of bars
arranged horizontally or
vertically from a zero
base.

32. Line graph:
Quantitative data are
plotted or when the data is
continuous.
Pictorial graph:
It is an outstanding method
of graphic representation.
Pictures are used for the
expression of idea; they are
more attractive and easily
understood.

33. Posters
A posteris any piece of printed paper
designed to be attached to a wall or
vertical surface.
Typically posters include both textual
and graphicelements, although a
poster may be either wholly graphical
or wholly text.

34. Purposes:
To provide general motivation.
To communicate a more general idea.
For the class room and community.
Featuresofagoodposter:
Brevity:message should be concise
Simplicity:message should be easily understandable
Idea:should base on single idea and it should be relevant.
Color: suitable color and combination should be used to make
the poster attractive and eye catching.
Display:while displaying one should be sure to find a place
where there is adequate light and where the larger population
will see it.

35. Advantages:
It attracts attention.
It conveys the message very quickly.
It does not require a detailed study.
Good poster leads to action with good motivation
It can stand alone and is self explanatory.
Disadvantages:
Poster does not always give enough information
When a poster is seen for longer time it may not
attractive. So it should be dynamic

36. Flannel graph (board)
Flannel graph is a thick piece of cardboard or
plywood or wooden board on which a rough
piece of flannel is stretched or fastened tightly
with drawing pins.
Flannelis a soft wovenfabric, of various
fineness.
The drawings, pictures, photographs and the
like can be adhered to the board by pasting a
piece of sand paper or piece of flannel on their
back.

38. Uses
Teachers often use flannel boards to enhance
storytelling. They may use pictures of the
characters and other important parts of the
story to illustrate it as they read.
They can be used to demonstrate science and
math concepts to young children, like the life
cycle of a frog or butterfly or addition.
Flannel boards can also be used in students'
centers so that the students can manipulate
the pieces, providing hands-on learning.

39. Flash Cards
“Flash cards are a set of pictured paper cards of
varying sizes that are flashed one by one in a logical
sequence.”
Purposes:
1.To teach the students.
2.To give health education.
3.Useful for small group.
4.Used in group discussions.

41. Principles:
The messages can be brief, simple line drawing
or photographs, cartoons and the content will be
written in few lines at the back of the each card.
10” X 12” or 22” X 28” is commonly used size.
10-12 cards for one talk can be used. It should
not be less than 3 and more than 20.
Prepare a picture for` each idea which will give
visual impact to the idea.
The height of writing on the flash card is to be
approximately 5cm for better visualization.

42. Advantages:
Flash cards can be used to introduce and present
topics.
It can be used to apply information already gained
by students to new situations
It can be used to review a topic.
Can be used for drill and practice in elementary
classes
To develop the cognitive abilities of recognition
and recall of students.
It can work as a useful supplementary aid and can
be effectively used with other material.

43. Disadvantages:
Can not be used for a large group
Prone to get spoiled soon
Preparation is time consuming.

44. Bulletin board:
A bulletin board is one of the inexpensive
instructional device used for teaching. It may be
used for informational or educational purposes.
Principles in the use of bulletin board:
The board for posting notices should be kept separate from
those for current events and study.
Bulletin boards are placed on near educational administrators
office for notices, another near library, each class rooms etc
The materials should be dated to ensure that it does not
remain no longer than desired.
The appearance should be neat, orderly and attractive.
Materials should be changed frequently and systematically.

45. Purposes of bulletin board:
To motivate the learner
To give correct initial impression
To add variety to the classroom activity
To provide information
To supplement and correlate instruction
To save time

46. PRINTED MEDIA
Printed media are material used in inform,
motivate or instruct learners.
Classification of printed media:
These are of three types-
Learning aids: Guide sheets, job aids, picture series etc
Training Material: Handouts, study guides, instructor’s
manuals
Information materials:Brochures, news letters, reports
etc

47. Advantages of printed media:
Easy to use, generate, produce, modify and update
Cheap, especially if the media are black and white.
Disadvantages of printed media:
They may be too familiar and be ignored because they look
like so simple
It may be difficult to teach skills or convey emotions and
feelings through print media
They will be difficult to update if the printed materials is
bound as a book

48. Criteria for printed media:
The words written should be clear, concise, understandable
and short.
The sentence formed should not be too clumsy and crowded.
The background color and the colors used for printing the
letters should be contrast.
The letters should be attractive and bright
The size of the paper should be less than 20-30 cm in length,
10-20 cm in breath.
Both the sides can be used to print the letters.
The sentence used should be elicited in the form of points
The letter size of the heading should be slightly bigger than
the points that are included.

49. Pamphlet
A pamphlet is an unbound booklet(that is, without a
hard coveror binding). It may consist of a single sheet of
paperthat is printed on both sides and folded in half, in
thirds, or in fourths or it may consist of a few pages that are
folded in half and saddle stapledat the crease to make a
simple book.
Leaflets:
A leaflet is a written or pictorial message on a
single sheet of paper.

50. Categories Of Leaflets
Leaflets may be categorized as persuasive,
informative, and directive.
Persuasive leaflet
Informative leaflet
Directive leaflet

51. Advantages of leaflets/Pamplets:
The printed word has a high degree of acceptance,
credibility and prestige.
Printed matter is unique in that it can be passed from
person to person without distortion.
It allows for the reinforcing use of photographs and graphic
illustrations which can be understood by illiterates.
It is permanent and the message will not change unless it
is physically altered.
It can be communicated to larger group of audience.
It can be reread for reinforcement.
Complex and lengthy material can be explained in detail.

52. Disadvantages of leaflets
A high illiteracy rate reduces the effectiveness and
usefullness of the printed message.
Printing operations require special, extensive, continuing
logistical support.
Communication is time consuming and costly, requiring
the use of special facilities and complex co-ordination.
Development and design of effective printed material
requires trained and knowledgeable personnel.

53. Handouts:
A handout is well planned document prepared
by a teacher for his students in order to promote
their participation in the teaching learning
process.
Handouts are useful in supplying information
unavailable in textbooks or by other media.

54. Classification of handouts:
Summary type
Completion type
Notes type
Assignment
Laboratory sheets
Work sheets
Question sheets

55. Preparation of handouts:
Handouts should never be repetitious of the material
provided in the textbook or given in live lecture.
Record only those items which are directly relevant to the
subject of the lesson and for the desired objectives.
Recognize the key words and catch words and emphasize
them in the handout by underlying them
Use simple and clear language. Make short sentences.
Draw graphs, write point wise wherever possible.
Give titles and subtitles suitably
Use colours appropriately if possible
Underline some words and place some key equations and
statements in boxes to emphasize them

56. Giving handouts:
Much in advance of the presentation-for in
advance preparation of lesson
Just before the start of the session –draw the
attention of the class to the objectives and the
contents of the lesson
During the progress of the session as
necessary
Just after the completion of the session –it
leaves a record for the lesson which the
student may read.

57. AUDIO AIDS:
Audio communication media include radio and
recording.
Characteristics of Audio experiences
Immediacy:
Emotional Impact:
One way communication:
Conquest of time and space

58. Uses of Radio:
Develops increased skills in listening and
evaluating what is heard.
Set the stage for student discussions by
presenting opinions of outside experts from
remote sources.
Provide varied sources of new knowledge and
contribute to the development of appreciations
and attitude.

59. Uses of Recordings:
Recording student discussion helps in self
evaluation by playing back.
Recording conferences done by one group of
students can be played for another group.
Speech of a guest speaker can be recorded so
that persons who were not able to attend the
meeting can have firsthand experience.
Record a discussion with a patient for the
class to hear and discuss at a later time.

60. 3-DIMENTIONAL AIDS

61. MODELS
A model is a recognizable
representation of a real thing
three dimensionally, that is
height, width, and depth is felt
as reality.
Types of models:
Solid models:
Cutaway and x-ray models
Working models:
Sand models:

62. Advantages:
Models heighten reality of things and make learning direct and
meaningful as they are three dimensional.
Models illustrate the application side of certain principles and laws.
Models explain the complex and intricate operations in a simplified
way and thus make comprehension easier.
Models are lasting and ultimately work out to be cheaper teaching
aids.
Still models are easy to make with the help of discarded materials
like empty boxes, pins, clips, nails, and clay.
Models are to reasonable size and convenient to handle.
Models involve the use of all the five senses and thus make learning
effective.

63. Limitations:
It requires expertise to make.
Time consuming.
Some of the models may be very
expensive.

64. Objects And Specimens
A collection of real things for
instructional use refers to objects.
A specimen is a sample of the real
object or a material.

65. Advantages of objects and specimens:
Collection of objects and specimens by students
requires interaction with others leading to development
of social skills and values.
Students when collect and display objects and
specimens derive satisfaction of contributing to the
school and teacher something worthwhile.
Student’s power of observation and first hand
experiences is enhanced by collection of objects and
specimens.
Student’s personal collection of objects and specimens
can be good source of doing investigatory projects.

66. Collection of objects and specimens
become an interesting educational
pursuit of the teacher and students
alike.
It arouse some interest among students
in learning
Objects and specimens involve all the
five senses in the process of learning
It heighten the reality in the class room
It makes teaching lively.

67. Exhibitions
Many times in the school, a department
of the school or a class put up their
work for showing it to the people out
side the school, and such a show called
exhibitions.

68. Requisites for exhibition:
The exhibition should have a central theme with a few
sub themes to focus attention to a particular concept
The exhibits should be clean , labeled properly
The concepts of contrast in color and size should be
used for lying out the exhibitions
The exhibits should be so placed so the most visitors ,
can see them
The place and exhibits should be well lighted
To capture attention and interest of visitors , both motion
and sound should be utilized
The exhibition should have some exhibits with operative
mechanism such as switches, handles, to be operated
by the visitors to observe some happenings.
The exhibition should be able to relate various subjects’
areas to provide integrated learning.

69. Advantages:
Exhibitions inspire the students to learn by
doing things themselves and they get a sense
of involvement
Exhibitions give students a sense of
accomplishment and achievement
Exhibitions develop social skills of
communication , cooperation, coordination
Exhibitions foster better school community
relations and make community members
conscious about the school
Exhibitions couple information with pleasure
Exhibitions foster creativity among students.

70. Disadvantages:
Requires thorough preparation
Time consuming
Require funds or budget.

71. Museums
A museum is a building displaying a
collection of historical relics, antiques,
curiosities, works of arts, works of science,
literature and other artifacts of general
interest.
Museums can be useful both for public
education and specific class room
instructions.

72. Dioramas
A diorama is a three dimensional
arrangement of related objects,
models, and cut outs to illustrate a
central theme or concept.
The objects and models are
generally placed in a big box or
show case with a glass covering
and background printed with a
shade or a scene.

73. Advantages:
Provide a good opportunity to learn
It gives the appearance of actual things which can
not be brought to the class room
Interesting and enhance creativity
Live things also can shown in diorama ex: aquarium
Provides students to do project works
Disadvantages:
sometimes cost effective
Needs expertizationfor the preparation
Require budget

74. Mock Ups
It emphasizes the
functional relationship
between the device reality
and its workability.
Certain element of the
original reality is
emphasized to make it
more meaningful for the
purpose of instruction.

75. Moulage
Mould can be made up of
plastic material to stimulate
some life in objects.
ex: body which shows
evidence of trauma,
infection, disease, surgical
intervention.

76. The basic material we use to create our
soft tissue injuries is very inexpensive; it
costs less per simulation.
The simulations can be madeliquid-
proof, and with care -reusable!

77. Puppets
A puppet is a manipulative doll
dressed as a character and the
performer is a person termed as a
puppeteer.
Puppetry is an education cum
entertaining aid in which puppets
manipulated by the performer is a
person termed as a characters in a
story to be depicted.
It is used as an effective teaching
aid for languages and social
sciences.

78. Types of puppets
String or marionettes puppets:-
Marionettes consist of puppets with
hinged body parts which are
controlled by nine strings produces
required movements in the puppet.
Stick puppets: -stick puppet are
the painted cutouts attached by
sticks. The actions of these puppets
are manipulated by the teacher and
students by hiding behind a screen
so that only puppets are visible to
the audience or the class.

79. Shadow puppets: -shadow
puppets are silhouettes of
cardboard which produce
shadows on white screen.
Finger of hand puppet: -
Hand puppets are round
balls painted as heads with
overflowing colorful
costumes. These are worn
on fingers which operate
their movements. These are
operated from below the
stage.

80. Advantages:
Creates interest
Gives the knowledge in a brief period
Puppet is an effective method in teaching.
Motivate students
Easy to carry and operate
Disadvantages
Needs group cooperation and coordination
Requires skills in preparation and supply
Skills needed in presentation

81. PROJECTED A.V. AIDS
OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
An overhead projector produces images on a screen
behind and over the head of the teacher.
Advantage of overhead projector
An overhead projector has a large aperture and can project a
large number of instructional material like diagrams, charts,
maps, worksheet, graphs after those are transferred on the
transparencies.

82. The use of overhead projector can be quite cheap
In the overhead projector the teacher can write directly
with a glass marking pencil
With an overhead projector the teacher is always
facing the students
overhead projector allows the psychological technique
of progressive disclosure to build up his lesson in
sequential learning steps.
An overhead projector can be used in a normally
lighted room
An overhead projector can be easily used with other
visual aids also without the fuss of switching on and off
the room lights

83. The verbal discourse of the teacher can be supported
with illustrations as he can directly sketch the
diagrams, write key point and main concepts on the
transparency with his students in front.
If an acetate roll is used, the teacher can prepare the
whole study course before hand and give accurate
notes to his students.
The use of overhead projector saves a lot of class
time for utilization for individual guidance and
corrective feedback.
With the overhead projector, an enlarged image can
be obtained with quite a less distance, therefore,
students can sit close to the teacher and this
produces better rapport.
The operation of overhead projector is convenient as
it involves switching and focusing only.

84. Precautions:
When the projector is not in use it should be covered so that no
dust gets deposited on its lenses and bulb which will make
image on screen dull.
Do not keep the bulb on for a long time, it can overheat the
projector and damage the acetate transparencies as well as the
bulb. Switch off the bulb after every 5 to 10 minutes of use of the
projector keeping the blower on for some time.
Do not shift the over head projector when the bulb is on as the
filament of the bulb may break due to jerks during shifting.
Do not keep the overhead projector too low, as it will make the
image distorted, i.e. image will get wider at the top and narrower
at the bottom.

85. Points to be remembered
During pres
Keep the screen above the heads of the participants.
Keep the screen in full view of participants
Make sure you are not blocking any ones view when
presenting.
Darken the room appropriately by blocking out sunshine
and dimming near by.
Turn the screen off between slides if you are going to
talk for more than two.
Talk to the audience, not to the screen

86. Over head transperencies
Have one main idea an each transparency.
Include only related figures and diagrams.
Use simple lettering style in writing.
Use diagrams in proposition to its lettering.
Keep the message clear and simple.
Emphasize the key messages.
Use color and lettering with discretion.

87. The Slide Projector:
A slide is a small piece of transparent material on
which a single pictorial image or scene or graphic
image has been photographed or reproduced
otherwise.
Slides can be made from photographs and
pictures by the teachers and pupils taking
photographs and snapshots when they go on
fieldtrips for historical, geographical, literary or
scientific excursions.

88. Advantages of slides:
Help in retention of the material taught
in the minds of the pupils.
Attract attention
Arouse interest
Assist lesson development
Test student understanding review
instruction
Facilitate student teacher participation

89. Motion Pictures:
A motion picture film carries optically
recorded visual informational sound.
In a motion picture projection, a series of still
transparent picturized film frames follow at
the rate of 16 to 24 frames in a second.
Each frame is projected on the screen at a
speed more than 16 frames a second so as
to produce the persistence of vision.

90. Advantages of motion picture
as teaching aid:
As motion pictures involve visual and auditory senses
simultaneously, it captures attention and arouses
interest.
By slow motion filming and projection, the stages in a
process, action or event can be viewed in details.
It can enlarge or reduce things and show the internal
parts, processes and working of things.
It can impart emotional experiences.

91. Motion pictures when used in the classroom break the
monotony of routine traditional teaching.
Motion pictures are useful in developing social and
moral values.
Motion pictures enhance the rate of learning and
retention.
It is a flexible and effective teaching aid if used properly
with other aids.
Motion pictures are very powerful media of mass
education


92. Educational Television
It permits the use of the best available
teacher to teach a subject for a large number
of students
It provides common experience to all
students
It provides technical advantages not readily
available in normal classrooms for illustration
or demonstration such as making possible
magnification of small objects, components,
diagrams etc

93. It directs the attention of student to the
exact detail of object which the students
can view by eliminating environmental
distractions.
It economizes the time, effort and cost of
setting up classroom projection
equipment.
It brings live demonstrations, video tape
or film presentation to the classroom at
the instant or immediately after they
occur.

94. Disadvantages of educational Television
The medium is limited to one way
communication from teacher to students.
Students cannot clarify doubts.
Individual differences of the students are not
attended to in a television lesson.
Television lessons are not flexible
Instruction through television is not learner
centered.
The total cost of teaching by television is
more than classroom instruction.

95. Types of educational television
Open circuit television:
Closed circuit Television:

96. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
The LCD is connected to a computer, it
enable to project computer generated
images onto a display screen for the
whole class to read.
PPT is an extremely popular
presentation and an alternative to using
OHP for the production of interesting
and visually attractive presentations.

97. Advantages of LCD
The sequence of content can be developed
and projected with the help of LCD
It arouses interest and motivate the students
It can be used for teaching large group of
people
Motion picture can be projected with the help
of LCD

98. Disadvantages of LCD
It is time consuming for teacher to prepare a
power point presentations
Technical faults can raise and if the computer
is not supported, it cannot be used during
power failure
A floppy or CD may not open or the file can
get corrupted by the viruses
Technical skill is needed in teachers to
prepare a PPT

99. Guidelines for PPT
Limit the number of slides, to not more than
12 for a ten minute presentation
Ensure text contrasts with the background,
Standardize position, colors and styles
Use only one or two animation or transition
effects.
Content in the slides should not be over
crowed.

100. Computers:
A computer is an electronic machine
which works under the control of a
stored program, automatically accepting
processing of data to produce designed
result.

101. Characteristics of computers:
Computation speed
Accuracy:
Diligence
Versatility:
Vast memory for storage:
Automation:

102. Uses of computers in education:
Computer assisted instruction:
Computer managed instruction:

103. Advantages of computers:
Computer helps to work in a fast and accurate way.
Computers are reliable
Computers save time
Computers helping doing repetitive work
Ideas can be understood quickly and easily through a
computer used presentations
Photographs or images can be transferred to
computers with the help of scanner or digital camera.
Computers are used for keeping records of students,
patients, engineers etc.