Activities of living theory by Nancy Roper, _ EDITED FOR 2024 COHORT.ppt
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About This Presentation
Activities of daily living theory by Nancy Roper
Slide Content
Activities of living theory by Nancy
Roper, Winifred W. Logan & Alison
J. Tierney
By
Roselyn Kalawa
Roper, Winifred W. Logan & Alison
J. Tierney
By
Roselyn Kalawa
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
•Activities of living is one of the widely used
nursing theory
•It is also referred to as a Human Needs theory
•It is a nursing theory which is based on providing
nursing care in line with activities of living (ALs)
•It is also referred to as the Roper, Logan &
Tierney model because 3 people are responsible
for the development of this theory (Nancy Roper,
Winifred W. Logan & Alison J. Tierney)
•Activities of living is one of the widely used
nursing theory
•It is also referred to as a Human Needs theory
•It is a nursing theory which is based on providing
nursing care in line with activities of living (ALs)
•It is also referred to as the Roper, Logan &
Tierney model because 3 people are responsible
for the development of this theory (Nancy Roper,
Winifred W. Logan & Alison J. Tierney)
ct…
•The Roper, Logan and Tierney model of
nursing was first published in 1980
•It has been revised three times 1985, 1990
and the latest edition in 1998
•The Roper, Logan and Tierney model of
nursing was first published in 1980
•It has been revised three times 1985, 1990
and the latest edition in 1998
ct…
•The theory was first developed in 1980
•It is based loosely upon the activities of daily
living that evolved from the work of
Virginia Henderson in 1966
•The theory was first developed in 1980
•It is based loosely upon the activities of daily
living that evolved from the work of
Virginia Henderson in 1966
ct…
• The purpose of the theory is to be an
assessment used throughout the patient's care
•It is often used to assess how a patient's life
has changed due to illness or admission to
hospital.
• The purpose of the theory is to be an
assessment used throughout the patient's care
•It is often used to assess how a patient's life
has changed due to illness or admission to
hospital.
BACKGROUND OF THE
THEORISTS
THEORISTS
NANCY ROPER(1918-2004)
•She was trained as a nurse at the general
infirmary at Leeds in the United Kingdom
•She worked as a principal tutor at Cumberland
infirmary school of Nursing for 15 years
•In 1964 she became self-employed as a writer
She wrote several nursing books
•She was trained as a nurse at the general
infirmary at Leeds in the United Kingdom
•She worked as a principal tutor at Cumberland
infirmary school of Nursing for 15 years
•In 1964 she became self-employed as a writer
She wrote several nursing books
CT….
•In 1970 she was awarded a fellowship by
common wealth nurses’ war memorial Fund
•In 1975 she received a master degree in
philosophy following a research project
•In 1976 she wrote a monography on clinical
experience in Nursing Education
•Nancy Roper has written lots of books such as
man’s anatomy and physiology, health and
environment principles of nursing and elements
of nursing
•In 1970 she was awarded a fellowship by
common wealth nurses’ war memorial Fund
•In 1975 she received a master degree in
philosophy following a research project
•In 1976 she wrote a monography on clinical
experience in Nursing Education
•Nancy Roper has written lots of books such as
man’s anatomy and physiology, health and
environment principles of nursing and elements
of nursing
WINIFRED W. LOGAN
•She qualified as a nurse from the Royal
Infirmary of Edinburgh
•She worked in the Scottish home and health
department for responsible for nursing
education for 4 years
•She worked as a senior lecturer
•She was head of department of health and
nursing at Glasgow in Scotland
•She qualified as a nurse from the Royal
Infirmary of Edinburgh
•She worked in the Scottish home and health
department for responsible for nursing
education for 4 years
•She worked as a senior lecturer
•She was head of department of health and
nursing at Glasgow in Scotland
ct…
•She was an executive director of ICN from
1978 to 1980
•She was an executive director of ICN from
1978 to 1980
ALISON TIERNY
•She was one of the first graduates to have
degree in nursing at the university of
Edinburgh
•She was awarded PhD from University of
Edinburgh in the field of mental Handcap
nursing
•She was one of the first graduates to have
degree in nursing at the university of
Edinburgh
•She was awarded PhD from University of
Edinburgh in the field of mental Handcap
nursing
ct…
•She was the director of the Nursing Research
Unit at the University of Edinburgh from 1980
•She was the director of the Nursing Research
Unit at the University of Edinburgh from 1980
EVOLUTION OF THE THEORY
CT
•The initial work started from the project on
clinical experience of student nurses in 1976
•The authors based their work on the
assumption that one of the concerns of living
has to do with activities that people carry out
regularly in their daily lives
•The initial work started from the project on
clinical experience of student nurses in 1976
•The authors based their work on the
assumption that one of the concerns of living
has to do with activities that people carry out
regularly in their daily lives
CONCEPTS IDENTIFIED IN THE
THEORY
C
THEORY
C
INTRODUCTION
•In the theory, it is believed that “all
individuals are involved in certain
activities which enable them to live
and grow’
•In the theory, it is believed that “all
individuals are involved in certain
activities which enable them to live
and grow’
Cont…
•This is the modification of Virginia Henderson
concept of nursing ‘assisting of individuals sick
or well, in the performance of those activities
contributing to health or its recovery (or to a
peaceful death” and this should be done in
such a way as to help the patient to gain
independence as rapidly as possible
•This is the modification of Virginia Henderson
concept of nursing ‘assisting of individuals sick
or well, in the performance of those activities
contributing to health or its recovery (or to a
peaceful death” and this should be done in
such a way as to help the patient to gain
independence as rapidly as possible
Concepts identified by the
theorists ct…
Five concepts were identified
1.Activities of living
2.Lifespan
3.Individuality in living
4.Factor influencing activities of living
5.Dependence or independence continuum
theorists ct…
Five concepts were identified
1.Activities of living
2.Lifespan
3.Individuality in living
4.Factor influencing activities of living
5.Dependence or independence continuum
Definition of concepts
1. Activities of living
•These are the things we normally do in daily
living;
•they are any daily activity done by an
individual for self-care such as feeding
(eating), bathing, dressing or leisure)
1. Activities of living
•These are the things we normally do in daily
living;
•they are any daily activity done by an
individual for self-care such as feeding
(eating), bathing, dressing or leisure)
Definition of concepts ct…
2. Lifespan
•This is the period between conception
(fertilization) and death
•It is believed that life begins at conception
(fertilization) and it is a continuum to death
•Within this continuum (from conception to
death) there is a continuous change of
activities for an individual
2. Lifespan
•This is the period between conception
(fertilization) and death
•It is believed that life begins at conception
(fertilization) and it is a continuum to death
•Within this continuum (from conception to
death) there is a continuous change of
activities for an individual
Definition of concepts ct…
•Every aspect of living in this continuum is
influenced by the following factors:
-Physical
-Intellectual
-Social development
-Emotions
•Every aspect of living in this continuum is
influenced by the following factors:
-Physical
-Intellectual
-Social development
-Emotions
Stages of Life Span
•Prenatal stage = Conception (fertilization) to
birth
•Infancy = from birth to 5 years
•Childhood = 6 years to 12 years
•Adolescence = 13 to 18 years
•Adulthood = 18 to 65 years
•Old age = from 65 years onwards
•Prenatal stage = Conception (fertilization) to
birth
•Infancy = from birth to 5 years
•Childhood = 6 years to 12 years
•Adolescence = 13 to 18 years
•Adulthood = 18 to 65 years
•Old age = from 65 years onwards
Definition of concepts ct…
3. Individuality in living
•There are variations on how different
individuals carry out activities of living
3. Individuality in living
•There are variations on how different
individuals carry out activities of living
Definition of concepts ct…
4. Factor influencing activities of living
• Factors which influence activities of living are as
follows:
a.Biological factors
•The impact of an individual’s illness on his/her
overall health eg a person who has a fracture
would not perform activities which an individual
who does not have this condition would do.
Hence the disease has affected the anatomical
and physiological functioning of an individual
4. Factor influencing activities of living
• Factors which influence activities of living are as
follows:
a.Biological factors
•The impact of an individual’s illness on his/her
overall health eg a person who has a fracture
would not perform activities which an individual
who does not have this condition would do.
Hence the disease has affected the anatomical
and physiological functioning of an individual
Psychological Factors
•The impact of emotions, spiritual beliefs and
the ability to understand (Knowing, thinking,
feeling and believing) may affect the overall
performance of activities of living
•(eg a person who is depressed would not eat or
bathe normally)
•The impact of emotions, spiritual beliefs and
the ability to understand (Knowing, thinking,
feeling and believing) may affect the overall
performance of activities of living
•(eg a person who is depressed would not eat or
bathe normally)
Socio-cultural
•Perceived or actual expectations of the society
to which an individual belongs may affect the
way one would carry out activities of daily
living
•eg the culture that believes that a man must
have a manly smell would inhibit an individual
to bathe frequently or apply perfume
•Perceived or actual expectations of the society
to which an individual belongs may affect the
way one would carry out activities of daily
living
•eg the culture that believes that a man must
have a manly smell would inhibit an individual
to bathe frequently or apply perfume
ENVIRONMENT
•The theory stresses on the impact of the
individual’s activities of living on the
environment eg how dust or dampness
present in an individual’s environment would
affect the individuals health and also how
clothes soiled with hazardous chemicals can
be disposed in the environment in order not
to affect people
•The theory stresses on the impact of the
individual’s activities of living on the
environment eg how dust or dampness
present in an individual’s environment would
affect the individuals health and also how
clothes soiled with hazardous chemicals can
be disposed in the environment in order not
to affect people
Definition of concepts ct…
e. Politico-economic
•This is the impact of government, politics and
economy on activities of living eg issues such as
funding, government policies, fear of the
unknown may affect activities of living eg if
government policies are not for better living for
citizens, commodities at the market may be
extremely expensive hence people may fail to
buy items to assist them in performing
activities of daily living such as washing clothes
or bathing or
e. Politico-economic
•This is the impact of government, politics and
economy on activities of living eg issues such as
funding, government policies, fear of the
unknown may affect activities of living eg if
government policies are not for better living for
citizens, commodities at the market may be
extremely expensive hence people may fail to
buy items to assist them in performing
activities of daily living such as washing clothes
or bathing or
Definition of concepts ct…
How living in a place where violence and conflict
are the norm would impact the ability to self
care
How living in a place where violence and conflict
are the norm would impact the ability to self
care
Definition of concepts ct…
5. Dependence - independence continuum
•In dependence an individual relies on another
person to either perform all activities of living
for her due to either illness or injury while
independence is the state by which an
individual is able to perform activities of living
on his/her own eg when a person is very ill
she/he is dependent but when she is
recovering she moves from dependence to
independence slowly thus why this is a
continuum
5. Dependence - independence continuum
•In dependence an individual relies on another
person to either perform all activities of living
for her due to either illness or injury while
independence is the state by which an
individual is able to perform activities of living
on his/her own eg when a person is very ill
she/he is dependent but when she is
recovering she moves from dependence to
independence slowly thus why this is a
continuum
List of activities of living
•Maintaining a safe environment
•Communication
•Breathing
•Eating and drinking
•Elimination
•Maintaining a safe environment
•Communication
•Breathing
•Eating and drinking
•Elimination
List of activities of living ct…
•Washing and dressing
•Controlling temperature
•Mobilization
•Working and playing
•Sleeping
•Death and Dying
•Washing and dressing
•Controlling temperature
•Mobilization
•Working and playing
•Sleeping
•Death and Dying
Definition of activities of living
(ALs) ct…
Maintaining a safe environment
•Roper referred these to seeking and
preventing activities such as ability to smell
bad substances within one’s environment and
take action to deal with them
Communication
•Communication plays a vital role in carrying
out activities of living
(ALs) ct…
Maintaining a safe environment
•Roper referred these to seeking and
preventing activities such as ability to smell
bad substances within one’s environment and
take action to deal with them
Communication
•Communication plays a vital role in carrying
out activities of living
Definition of activities of living
(ALs)
Breathing
•The vital activity for survival all body cells
depend on this activity in order for them to
function
•It is effortless hence a person does not
recognize performing it unless abnormal
circumstances (illness/injury) forces it to an
individuals attention
(ALs)
Breathing
•The vital activity for survival all body cells
depend on this activity in order for them to
function
•It is effortless hence a person does not
recognize performing it unless abnormal
circumstances (illness/injury) forces it to an
individuals attention
Definition of activities of living
(ALs) ct…
•All other activities of living including life are
dependent on this activity
Eating and drinking
•This is an important activity for sustanability
of life
•It starts as soon as the baby is born
demonstrated in suckling and swallowing
reflex
(ALs) ct…
•All other activities of living including life are
dependent on this activity
Eating and drinking
•This is an important activity for sustanability
of life
•It starts as soon as the baby is born
demonstrated in suckling and swallowing
reflex
Definition of activities of living
(ALs)
Elimination
•This involves defecation (passing out stools)
•It helps to remove urine from the bladder and
stools from the bowels
•In babies, this activity happens as a reflex
•An individual attains voluntary control of this
activity as a developmental milestone in early
life depending in the culture one is coming
from
(ALs)
Elimination
•This involves defecation (passing out stools)
•It helps to remove urine from the bladder and
stools from the bowels
•In babies, this activity happens as a reflex
•An individual attains voluntary control of this
activity as a developmental milestone in early
life depending in the culture one is coming
from
Definition of activities of living
(ALs) ct…
•This is a highly private activity associated with
strong held attitudes and taboos
Personal cleansing and dressing
•It involves hand and body washing, bathing,
perineal hygiene, care of the hair, nails and
teeth and mouth
(ALs) ct…
•This is a highly private activity associated with
strong held attitudes and taboos
Personal cleansing and dressing
•It involves hand and body washing, bathing,
perineal hygiene, care of the hair, nails and
teeth and mouth
Definition of activities of living
(ALs) ct…
Controlling temperature
•Man is capable of maintaining body
temperature at constant levels in the
surrounding environment regardless of the
degrees of heat or cold
•Survival of body tissues is shortened when
subjected to extreme heat or cold
(ALs) ct…
Controlling temperature
•Man is capable of maintaining body
temperature at constant levels in the
surrounding environment regardless of the
degrees of heat or cold
•Survival of body tissues is shortened when
subjected to extreme heat or cold
Definition of activities of living
(ALs) ct…
•Activities which are done to adjust
temperatures such as ventilating or heating
the environment helps to prevent hazards
that may result due to extreme heat or cold
Mobilization
•This activity is valued as highly essential in
human-beings
(ALs) ct…
•Activities which are done to adjust
temperatures such as ventilating or heating
the environment helps to prevent hazards
that may result due to extreme heat or cold
Mobilization
•This activity is valued as highly essential in
human-beings
Definition of activities of living
(ALs) ct…
•It involves the movement of muscles which
assist people to perform activities such as
sitting down, walking eating jumping, standing
up, laughing etc
•Mobility also allows an individual to perform
non verbal communications such as frowning,
facial expression, hand gestures and
mannerisms
(ALs) ct…
•It involves the movement of muscles which
assist people to perform activities such as
sitting down, walking eating jumping, standing
up, laughing etc
•Mobility also allows an individual to perform
non verbal communications such as frowning,
facial expression, hand gestures and
mannerisms
Definition of activities of living
(ALs) ct…
Working and playing
•Assists an individual to fulfill sense of
belonging to work and leisure groups
•It also helps an individual to have a sense of
satisfaction from challenges and
achievements
•It prevents boredom
(ALs) ct…
Working and playing
•Assists an individual to fulfill sense of
belonging to work and leisure groups
•It also helps an individual to have a sense of
satisfaction from challenges and
achievements
•It prevents boredom
Definition of activities of living
(ALs) ct…
•In conclusion work and play has both positive
and negative effects on an individual’s personal
well-being eg negatively unemployment or
insufficient playing contribute to physical/mental
ill health
Expressing sexuality
•An individual gratifies sexual drives trough sexual
intercourse
(ALs) ct…
•In conclusion work and play has both positive
and negative effects on an individual’s personal
well-being eg negatively unemployment or
insufficient playing contribute to physical/mental
ill health
Expressing sexuality
•An individual gratifies sexual drives trough sexual
intercourse
Definition of activities of living
(ALs) ct…
•Sexual relations can not be ignored because it
assists in continuity and multiplication of the
human race
•It can be expressed through physical
appearance, style of dressing and social roles
•Society prescribes that it must be done when
one is well mature
(ALs) ct…
•Sexual relations can not be ignored because it
assists in continuity and multiplication of the
human race
•It can be expressed through physical
appearance, style of dressing and social roles
•Society prescribes that it must be done when
one is well mature
Definition of activities of living
(ALs) ct…
Sleeping
•It enables the body to rest and refreshens the
mind
•It helps to reduce stress and anxiety
•It promotes growth and repair of worn out
tissues
Therefore inadequate sleep results into
discomforts and stress hence leading to illness
(ALs) ct…
Sleeping
•It enables the body to rest and refreshens the
mind
•It helps to reduce stress and anxiety
•It promotes growth and repair of worn out
tissues
Therefore inadequate sleep results into
discomforts and stress hence leading to illness
Definition of activities of living
(ALs) ct…
Death and Dying
•This is the process where all activities of living
come to an end
•It is the failure of activities of living to sustain
life
(ALs) ct…
Death and Dying
•This is the process where all activities of living
come to an end
•It is the failure of activities of living to sustain
life
Interrelationship of concepts
•Man is a human-being with a potential to
carry out activities of living to sustain life
throughout lifespan from conception up death
•Individuality in carrying out activities of living
is determined by stages in the life span and
environmental factors
•Alteration in the carrying out of activities of
living leads to dependency
•Man is a human-being with a potential to
carry out activities of living to sustain life
throughout lifespan from conception up death
•Individuality in carrying out activities of living
is determined by stages in the life span and
environmental factors
•Alteration in the carrying out of activities of
living leads to dependency
Interrelationship of concepts ct…
•Human ability or inability to carry out
activities of living forms the nursing diagnosis
which could be:
-Eg in Mobility, nursing diagnosis could be
Impaired mobility
-In temperature, nursing diagnosis could be
altered body temperature
•Human ability or inability to carry out
activities of living forms the nursing diagnosis
which could be:
-Eg in Mobility, nursing diagnosis could be
Impaired mobility
-In temperature, nursing diagnosis could be
altered body temperature
Interrelationship of concepts ct…
Individualized care
•This is achieved by reinforcing (mandatory)
infection prevention in all health facilities
Individualized care
•This is achieved by reinforcing (mandatory)
infection prevention in all health facilities
Application of the theory
•Consideration of the theory helps when
planning and budgeting
•Level of patients’ dependence helps to
organize patients eg those to be admitted to
Intensive care Units, Highly dependency units
and convalescence (those that are recovering)
•Consideration of the theory helps when
planning and budgeting
•Level of patients’ dependence helps to
organize patients eg those to be admitted to
Intensive care Units, Highly dependency units
and convalescence (those that are recovering)
Application of the theory ct…
•The incorporation of the five factors (biological,
psychological, sociocultural, environmental, and
politicoeconomic) into the theory makes it be a
holistic model.
•If the five factors above were not considered, the
resulting assessment is incomplete and flawed.
•The incorporation of the five factors (biological,
psychological, sociocultural, environmental, and
politicoeconomic) into the theory makes it be a
holistic model.
•If the five factors above were not considered, the
resulting assessment is incomplete and flawed.
Application of the theory ct…
•The factors are used to determine the
individual patient's relative independence in
regards to the activities of daily living
•The model is used to assess the patient's
relative independence and potential for
independence in the activities of daily living
•The factors are used to determine the
individual patient's relative independence in
regards to the activities of daily living
•The model is used to assess the patient's
relative independence and potential for
independence in the activities of daily living
Application of the theory ct…
•The patient's independence is looked at on a
continuum that ranges from complete
dependence to complete independence
• This helps the nurse determine what
interventions will lead to increased
independence as well as what ongoing support
is needed to offset any dependency that still
exists
•The patient's independence is looked at on a
continuum that ranges from complete
dependence to complete independence
• This helps the nurse determine what
interventions will lead to increased
independence as well as what ongoing support
is needed to offset any dependency that still
exists
Application of the theory ct…
•Used to assess how a patient's life has
changed due to illness or admission to
hospital and it would assist nurses to plan
nursing activities in order to assist the patient
to attain increased independence in the
performance of activities of living which may
promote quality of life
•Used to assess how a patient's life has
changed due to illness or admission to
hospital and it would assist nurses to plan
nursing activities in order to assist the patient
to attain increased independence in the
performance of activities of living which may
promote quality of life
Analysis of the theory
Strengths
•The theory was the first one to be developed by
British nurses
•The theory promoted team work since 3 nurses
(Roper, Logan & Tierny) worked together to
finalize the work which was originally identified
by one person
•The identification of activities of living promoted
holistic assessment and care
Strengths
•The theory was the first one to be developed by
British nurses
•The theory promoted team work since 3 nurses
(Roper, Logan & Tierny) worked together to
finalize the work which was originally identified
by one person
•The identification of activities of living promoted
holistic assessment and care
Analysis of the theory ct…
•The theory was based on science and research
because the activities of living were defined
scientifically and the identification of the
problem in assisting patients with activities of
living was from a research work by Roper
•The theory introduced the concept of dying as
an activity of living
•The theory is still applied worldwide when
nurses are assessing and providing nursing care
to patients and clients
•The theory was based on science and research
because the activities of living were defined
scientifically and the identification of the
problem in assisting patients with activities of
living was from a research work by Roper
•The theory introduced the concept of dying as
an activity of living
•The theory is still applied worldwide when
nurses are assessing and providing nursing care
to patients and clients
Analysis of the theory ct…
•The model incorporates a life span continuum,
where the individual passes from fully
dependent at birth, to fully independent in
the midlife, and returns to fully dependent in
their old age or after death
•The model incorporates a life span continuum,
where the individual passes from fully
dependent at birth, to fully independent in
the midlife, and returns to fully dependent in
their old age or after death
Analysis of the theory ct…
Weakness
•The identification or definition of nursing was
wholly adopted from Virginia Henderson
•The activities of living were also adopted from
Virginia Henderson’s theory of Activities of Daily
Living (ADL). This makes this theory lacking
originality and uniqueness because readers may
confuse this theory which Virginia Henderson
developed
Weakness
•The identification or definition of nursing was
wholly adopted from Virginia Henderson
•The activities of living were also adopted from
Virginia Henderson’s theory of Activities of Daily
Living (ADL). This makes this theory lacking
originality and uniqueness because readers may
confuse this theory which Virginia Henderson
developed
Analysis of the theory ct…
•Within short-stay settings such as surgery or in
areas where the assessor is uncomfortable
with or unsure of the applicability of certain
activities of daily living (ADL) it is common for
the activities eg 'sexuality' and 'death' (as well
as others) to be disregarded.
•Within short-stay settings such as surgery or in
areas where the assessor is uncomfortable
with or unsure of the applicability of certain
activities of daily living (ADL) it is common for
the activities eg 'sexuality' and 'death' (as well
as others) to be disregarded.
Analysis of the theory ct…
•These modifications depend upon the
institution or the nurse and often results from
a lack of understanding of the application of,
or the factors within, the theory. This is
unfortunate, because this limits the
application of the model and thereby reduces
its use
•These modifications depend upon the
institution or the nurse and often results from
a lack of understanding of the application of,
or the factors within, the theory. This is
unfortunate, because this limits the
application of the model and thereby reduces
its use
Reference
•http://www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-
models/roper-model-for-nursing-based-on-a-
model-of-living.php
•Alligood, M., A. (2010). Nursing Theorista and
Their Work. Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of
Elservier Inc.
•http://www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-
models/roper-model-for-nursing-based-on-a-
model-of-living.php
•Alligood, M., A. (2010). Nursing Theorista and
Their Work. Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of
Elservier Inc.
The end
•Thank you
•Thank you
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History of astronomy from old times to the present times
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