ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE AND CHEST TRAUMA.pptx

ADVANCED CONCEPT OF CRITICAL CARE NURSING

1. SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE AND CHEST TRAUMA

2. INTRODUCTION Acute respiratory failure and chest trauma is a potentially fatal medical condition caused by fluid buildup in the lung’s air sacs. This buildup interferes with critical pulmonary functions in two ways ( Cherian , Kumar, & Akasapu , 2016).    

3. Aim and Objectives The aim of this seminar paper is to review the Acute Respiratory Failure and chest trauma. The specific objectives:- To review the concept of Acute Respiratory Failure To review the concept of Acute Respiratory Failure and Chest Trauma To review the classification of Acute Respiratory Failure To review the signs or symptoms Acute Respiratory Failure and Chest Trauma To review the causes of Acute Respiratory Failure and Chest Trauma To review the diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Failure To review the complications Resulting From Acute Respiratory Failure To review the management of Acute Respiratory Failure and Chest Trauma

4. Concept of Acute Respiratory Failure The loss of the ability to ventilate adequately or to provide sufficient oxygen to the blood and systemic organs ( Brodie & Bacchetta 2016). The pulmonary system is no longer able to meet the metabolic demands of the body with respect to oxygenation of the blood and/or CO 2 elimination. Respiratory failure is classified as type 1 respiratory failure or type 2 respiratory failure.

5. Concept of Acute Respiratory Failure and Chest Trauma The thoracic cavity contains three major anatomical systems: the airway, lungs, and the cardiovascular system. As such, any blunt or penetrating trauma can cause significant disruption to each of these systems that can quickly prove to be life threatening unless rapidly identified and treated.

6. Classification of Acute Respiratory Failure Type 1 (Hypoxemic ) - PO 2 < 50 mmHg on room air. Usually seen in patients with acute pulmonary edema or acute lung injury. Type 2 ( Hypercapnic / Ventilatory ) - PCO 2 > 50 mmHg (if not a chronic CO 2 retainer). Type 3 ( Peri -operative ) . This is generally a subset of type 1 failure but is sometimes considered separately because it is so common. Type 4 (Shock) - secondary to cardiovascular instability.

7. Signs or Symptoms Acute Respiratory Failure and Chest Trauma Kress and Hall (2011) noted trouble breathing and chest trauma is the main symptom of acute respiratory failure. Symptoms may also include: Severe shortness of breath Labored and unusually rapid breathing Low blood pressure Confusion and extreme tiredness

8. Causes of Acute Respiratory Failure and Chest Trauma Guzman (2016) noted acute respiratory failure and chest trauma has wide-ranging and disparate causes: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) : ARDS is a medical condition marked by low levels of oxygenated blood. It often results from a prior medical problem, such as pneumonia, pancreatitis, or septic infection, and, in turn, proceeds the onset of respiratory failure. Alcohol or drug abuse : Excessive alcohol or drug consumption can reduce the brain’s ability to properly regulate breathing. Breathing obstructions : Windpipe injuries or foreign objects lodged in the throat can impede the flow of oxygen to the lungs.

9. Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Failure Kress and Hall (2011) acute respiratory failure is a medical emergency requiring immediate action. To confirm a diagnosis, the physician may: Document medical history : This will include general information about the health, as well as questions about the nature and severity of the current symptoms. Conduct a physical exam : A stethoscope will allow the doctor to listen for abnormal breathing patterns or behaviors, including evidence of infected or fluid-filled lungs. Order a chest X-ray or CT scan : X-rays and CT scans provide non-invasive, visual evidence of lung injury or inflammation.

10. Complications Resulting From Acute Respiratory Failure Chest Trauma. U nstable chest trauma, severe respiratory distress or profound shock requiring emergent resuscitation. Pulmonary: pulmonary embolism, pulmonary fibrosis, complications secondary to the use of mechanical ventilator Cardiovascular: hypotension, reduced cardiac output, cor pulmonale , arrhythmias, pericarditis and acute myocardial infarction

11. Management of Acute Respiratory Failure and Chest Trauma Correction of Hypoxemia Correction of hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis Ventilatory support for the patient with respiratory failure Non-invasive respiratory support

12. Conclusions Despite advances in critical care, ARF still has high morbidity and mortality. Even those who survive can have a poorer quality of life. While many risk factors are known for ARF, there is no way to prevent the condition. Besides the restriction of fluids in high-risk patients, close monitoring for hypoxia by the team is vital.