adaptive-immunity riphah international.pptx

Immunological ability of the human body
1. Specificity:
Targets a particular pathogen using specific receptors.


2. Memory:
Once exposed, the immune system “remembers” the invader and responds faster next time.


3. Self vs. Non-self Recognition:
Can tell the body’s own cells from foreign ones to avoid attacking itself.


4. Slow Initial Response, Fast Secondary Response:
Takes days to build up after first exposure but reacts rapidly upon re-exposure.

🔹 Main Components

1. Lymphocytes (White Blood Cells):

B cells → produce antibodies that neutralize pathogens.

T cells → directly kill infected cells or help other immune cells.

Helper T cells (CD4⁺) activate B cells and other immune responses.

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8⁺) destroy infected or abnormal cells.




2. Antibodies (Immunoglobulins):
Proteins made by B cells that bind specifically to antigens (foreign molecules).


3. Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs):
Such as dendritic cells — they show pieces of pathogens (antigens) to T cells to trigger an immune response.


Types of Adaptive Immunity

1. Active Immunity:

Natural: After infection (body makes its own antibodies).

Artificial: After vaccination.



2. Passive Immunity:

Natural: From mother to baby (via placenta or breast milk).

Artificial: From injected antibodies (like antiserum).

1. SAFA MAQSOOD

2. The enemies are different….. FUNGUS - Epidermophyton floccosum (causes athlete’s foot) VIRUS- Polio BACTERIA - Clostridium difficile (causes antibiotic-associated colitis & diarrhea ) PARASITE - Tapeworm