ADS605 - CHAPTER 2 - URBAN COMMUNITY.ppt

ADS605

1. CHAPTER 2
URBAN COMMUNITY
URBAN SOCIOLOGY
ADS605
1urban sociology (ADS605)

2. CHAPTER 2
URBAN COMMUNITY
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this chapter a student should be able to :
i.Explain the emergence of urban community.
ii.Differentiate between urbanization and urbanism
iii.Explain the process of cities growth.
iv.Explain people and lifestyle related within urban territory
v.Identify issues and challenges of metropolitan
vi.Identify issues and challenges in Malaysia
urban sociology (ADS605)2

3. SNAPSHOT OF URBAN
COMMUNITY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xp4q9K39UXk&index=1&list=PLrSAu6p
WkinuoPR1ALjVSav_KfNPHpgFv
urban sociology (ADS605)3

4. Emergence of Urban Community
•Urban community is a group that perceives itself as
having strong and lasting bonds, particularly when
the group shares a geographic location in the city.
•Urban community is different compared to rural
community in term of relationship referring to
theories by Ferdinand Tonnies, and Emile Durkheim.
4urban sociology (ADS605)

5. Emergence of Urban Community
•Thedifferentlevelofrelationship
betweenurbancommunityandrural
communitycanbemeasuredbasedon:
1.Regularparticipationbyindividualsin
itsactivities
2.Thestrengthofidentificationamong
memberswiththeperceivedsocial
bondofthegroup
3.Thespecificphysicalspaceandlocation
thatiscommonlyunderstoodasthe
group’sterritory(spaceprovidesits
ownsetofmaterialmarkerstowhich
communitymembershavestrong
emotionalties.)
5urban sociology (ADS605)

6. Emergence of Urban Community
•Theemergenceofurban
communityisrelatedwiththe
processofurbanization.
•Thefeaturesofurbanizationthat
leadtheemergenceofurban
communityare:
1.Thelackofwallsorfortifications
aroundcities
2.Realestatedevelopmentasa
majorcomponentinthe
economyofcapatalism
6urban sociology (ADS605)

7. Emergence of Urban Community
•The features of urbanization that lead the
emergence of urban community are:
3.The ideology of privatism(limit the role of the
state and emphasizes individual accomplishment
as thabasis of community)
4.Large-scale foreign immigration and massive
population turnover within cities
5.The regional dispersal of metropolis.
7urban sociology (ADS605)

8. Difference between Urbanization and
andUrbanism
“Urbanization is not Urbanism”
Urbanization
•Urbanization is the process of city formation and city
growth
•Urbanization is the concentration of population into
cities.
•Urbanization redisributesand concentrates population
within a society and transforms many pattern of social
life.( Macionis, 2007)
8urban sociology (ADS605)

9. Difference between urbanization and
andUrbanism
•Theprocessinvolvesthewaysocial
activitieslocatethemselvesinspaceand
accordingtointerdependentprocessesof
societaldevelopmentandchange
•Theprocessofurbanizationcanbe
capturedbyincreasesinthenumberand
sizeofcities(population).
•Urbandevelopmentcanbeseenbytype
ofcities(example:giganticcitiesbasedon
populationgrowthandexplosivegrowth
ofcities;sprawlingofcities)
9urban sociology (ADS605)

10. Difference between urbanization and
andUrbanism
•Urbangrowthisunequallydistributedgloballyand
ledtothegrowthofpopulationliveinslumarea.
(example:NowdaysAsiaisrapidlyurbanizingthat
consideredashyper-urbanization)
•Studiesthewaysocialactivities
•Chartingtheriseandfallofcities
10urban sociology (ADS605)

11. Difference between urbanization and
andUrbanism
Urbanism
•Urbanism is a way of life characterized
by density, diversity and complex
social organization.
•Urbanism is the study of cities for
example about geographic, economic,
political, social and cultural
environment and the imprint of all
these forces on the built environment.
•Most often the term today means the
culture of cities
11urban sociology (ADS605)

12. Difference between urbanization and
andUrbanism
Urbanism
•Urbanism has traditionally been associated with a
greater sophistication in understanding and
consuming the arts, expensive dining,
sophisticated entertainment and fashion
•Urbanism is also the practice of creating human
communities for living, work, and play and
covering the more human aspects of urban
planning.
•Urbanistsdefine urban areas by their high
population density.
•Urbanistsmaintain that the characteristic makes
cities physically and sociologically distinct from
rural areas.
12urban sociology (ADS605)

13. How Cities Grow
•A city is a bounded space that is densely settled and has a relatively large,
culturally heterogeneous population
•According to the US census, which has a very loose definition, a city can be any
urban place of 2,500 people or more that is incorporated as a municipality
Cities are important principally because
1.their political clout that provide them
•the power to tax and the power to raise money via bonds and other
financial instruments
•hire its own police force
•provide for all social services to its residents
•the power of self-governance and they have their own elected officials.
•city administrations have political power nationally
•Mayors of cities have national political clout
13urban sociology (ADS605)

14. urban sociology (ADS605) 14

15. How Cities Grow
2.theformalmunicipalsituation
variesenormouslydependingon
differentsystemsofgovernment
andgovernance.
3.Thepoliticalpowerofcitiesis
relatedtotheirpositionassitesof
economicactivity.
4.thesiteof‘urbanculture’
•Onefeatureofcitiesthatisnot
characteristicofotherareasisthe
presenceofaviablestreetand
pedestrianculture
15urban sociology (ADS605)

16. How Cities Grow
5.Citieshavegonethroughenormouschanges,industrialdecline,
crumblinghomesandschools,overcrowdedneighborhoods,rigid
segregationandracialtrauma,risingcrimeandviolence,andan
alarmingdrainofrevenueshaveallcontributedtocreatingatroubled
urbanlandscape.
•large-scalegovernmentinterventionsseemedtopointthewayto
urbansalvation
•thepresenceofnighttimeactivities
•uniqueaspectofcitiesresidesintheirarchitecture,especiallythetall
structuresknownasskyscrapers.
•thecity,housingtendstobeofhighdensity
•atrueunderstandingofthecitymustinvolveitsrelationshipwith
otherareasofurbanizedregions,suchassuburbsandthenetworksof
locationsthataretiedtogetherthroughelectronicmeansinthe
informationeconomy.
16urban sociology (ADS605)

17. How Cities Grow
•The type of cities related with population size such as
gigantic city, metropolitan city and cosmopolitan city.
•Ten traits of early cities are as follows:
1.Urban settlements were densely populated and large
in territory.
2.Cities supported crafts people full-time and in
specialized jobs.
3.Farmers produced an agricultural surplus controlled
by rulers.
17urban sociology (ADS605)

18. How Cities Grow
4.Therewasthepresenceof
monumentalpublicbuildings.
5.Theagriculturalsurpluswas
controlledbyrulingeliteand
priestswithinthecity.
6.Citieswerecentersfor
developingideasand
recordingthem.
18urban sociology (ADS605)

19. How Cities Grow
7.Cities were centers for the arts.
8.Cities were centers for the
‘predictive’ sciences.
9.City organization was based on
residence not kinship.
10.Cities imported and exported,
i.e., the urban dwellers engaged
in trade.
19urban sociology (ADS605)

20. How Cities Grow
The Stages of Urban Growth
•Many factors have contribute to urban growth such as
•Economic forces
•Transportation, construction and communication technology
•Political changes
•Immigration policy
•Expansion into a global superpower
•The best explanation of urban patterns is found when
connection is made between the production of settlement
space and the society’s political economy.
•SociospatialPerspective explain this does not mean stages of
metropolitan growth are directly correlated to particular stages
of economic development; rather, it means only that important
features of each period of economic development are directly
associated with important factors in the social and political
change of metropolitan space
20urban sociology (ADS605)

21. How Cities Grow
The Stages of Urban Growth
•Four distinct stages of urban growth in the United State and similar to other
country are
i.The colonial period
ii.The industrial period
iii.The metropolitan period
iv.Deconcentrationand restructuring of settlement space within the
multicenteredmetropolitan region.
•Adam Smith and Karl Mark emphasized that capitalism is a dynamic system that
brings about changes in the social relations and political systems with which it
comes in contact.
•The stages of urban growth similar to capatalismdevelopment
i.Mercantile capitalism
ii.Industrial capitalism
iii.Monopoly capitalism
iv.Global capitalism
21urban sociology (ADS605)

22. How Cities Grow
How Cities Have Changed
•Cities have changed by the
changes of the dominant
economic activities from the
manufacturing sector to nodal
services sector (specialized in
services) to financial investment.
•The changes can be seen through
i.Economic Restructuring
ii.Social Restructuring
iii.Uneven Development
22urban sociology (ADS605)

23. People and Lifestyle
•The diversity in lifestyle and subcultures exists
not just within the city but throughtoutthe
metropolitan region.
•Factors influence on the diversity in lifestyle and
subcultures are the interplay between social
factors of income, gender, age and race and the
spatial patterns of population concentration or
dispersal across the metropolitan region.
•A basittenet of the sociospatialapproach is that
social factors determining the patterns of
population dispersal are also linked to particular
spaces. (class and gender are conducted through
spatial as well as social means and lifestyle and
specific environment such as street corner, the
mall and the golf course)
•Interaction is shaped through signs and symbols
of sociospatialcontext.
23urban sociology (ADS605)

24. People and Lifestyle
Classstratification
•MaxWeberbelievedthatanindividual’sclass
positionisimportantbecauseithelps
determinethelifechancesthatcouldbe
expectedinthefuture
•stratifiedsocietyisindividualsandhouseholds
arelocatedwithinasocialhierarchythat
determinestheiraccesstoresources
•Thoseattheverytopcontrolmostofthe
society’sresources;theyalsoenjoythemost
symbolicprestigeandpoliticalinfluence.Those
belowarethemostnumerousandhavethe
leastpower.
24urban sociology (ADS605)

25. People and Lifestyle
The Wealthy
They have multiple home ownership located in the cities,
hills, seaside and everywhere.
They isolate themselves from population by living in
expensive houses with security guards and controlled
entrances, gardeners and servants.
They always go to specific restaurants, boutiques and
social club for the upper class.
They have the specific leisure activities in restrictive
country club and play golf.
25urban sociology (ADS605)

26. MostofthemareprofessionalpeopleinIT,Financialor
legal,
Theyliveinsuburbanpartofthecitiesforexample
condominium
Theypreferlast-minuteshopping,mall,chain-stores,
healthandfitnessclubsandcinemas
Activities‘Doityourself’,barbequewithfriends
urban sociology (ADS605) 26

27. Mostly residents in cities and some of them move to
suburban area
They go to pub, associated to football and use streets
as playground.
They depend on public transport and hospitals (usually
they have no health insurance) and suffer declining
education level, no fire and police protection, street
maintenance, healthcare and recreational activities
urban sociology (ADS605) 27

28. They are isolated poor and mostly women without husbands
and live in ghettoes in inner cities.
They have few or no prospect for better life with inadequate
resources from the city authority.
They subjected to pathological consequences of city living
such as public health crises such as AIDS, child abuse,
tuberculosis, substandard schools, juvenile crime, drug
addition, murder, rape and robbery
urban sociology (ADS605) 28

29. Women, gender roles and space
Cities are man-made built environment
The cities are reflect toward man’s activities
As a result city offer little benefit to women
The alternative to fight for their right then the
emergence of feminist thought to create greater
insight into needs of women
urban sociology (ADS605) 29

30. 19
th
Century –whole family work in factories
Early 20
th
Century –Many women stays at home to copy
the lifestyle of the upper class
Middle 20
th
Century –Middle class lifestyle emerged and
women return to work
Man share domestic labour
Outsourcing of specialised household tasks for example
child care, housecleaning and so on.
urban sociology (ADS605) 30

31. Emergence of giant merchandising stores –TESCO ,
Mydin and so on
Service Industries like Fast food, dry cleaners and so
on
Bigger garage minimum two cars
Man share domestic labour
They prefer outsourcing of specialised household
tasks such as child care, housecleaning and so on.
urban sociology (ADS605) 31

32. Space and Gender extend to communities
Decoration of the house as expression of individuality
Women control over environmental space of the home
Outside the home women suffer harassment
Need for safe environment for women
urban sociology (ADS605) 32

33. Issues and Challenges
of Metropolitan
•Poverty
•Slum and squatters /
Housing
•Security / Crime and
Drugs
•Racism
•Economic issues
•Public Service
Problems
33urban sociology (ADS605)

34. Issues and Challenges in Malaysia
What are the
the issues
and
challenges in
Malaysia?
34urban sociology (ADS605)

35. Issues and Challenges in Malaysia
•Homeless in city such as Kuala Lumpur at jalan pekeliling, jalan
chow kit and jalan tunku abdul rahman.
•The project for house ownership such as Projek Perumahan
1Malayisia z(PR1MA), Projek Prumahan Rakyat (PPRT), Projek
perumahan penjawat awam (PPA1M)
•Rakan Cop, Safety City Concept, Unit Rondaan Bermotorsikal
(URB), Kejiranan Rukun Tetangga (KRT)
35urban sociology (ADS605)

36. Issues and Challenges in Malaysia
•1Malaysia, Projects by LPPKN (Lembaga
Penduduk dan Pembangunan Keluarga
Negara)
•1AZAM, Permodalan Nasional Berhad, MARA
•SWM Environment, Local Government,
Deparment of Irrigation and Drainage, Public
Work Deparment Malaysia
36

37. 37urban sociology (ADS605)

38. URBAN SOCIOLOGY
ADS605
-Urban community-
Summary
Urbancommunityisagroupofresidentsliveinthecityandtheyhaverelationshipwith
otherresidentsbasedoninterestandspecialization.Studentscandifferentiatetheterm
urbanizationandurbanisminunderstandingtheurbancommunity.Thischapterwill
explaintheprocessandfactorsrelatedwiththeemergenceofurbancommunityand
citiesgrowth.Theurbanresidentshavetomanagethemselvesinthelifeofurbanby
representtheurbanresidentswithdifferentlifestyletrigerredbyurbanpushandpull
factors.Attheendsofthischapterstudentsshouldbeabletoapplytheknowledgeand
conceptsinurbanwithissuesandchallengesofmetropolitanandinMalaysia.
urban sociology (ADS605)38

39. Reference
Gottdiener,M.,Hutchison,R.andRyan,M.T.(2014)TheNewUrbanSociology,
5
rd
edition,Colorado:WestviewPress.
Gottdiener,M.,Budd,L.andLehtovuori,P.(2016)KeyConceptsinUrbanStudies,
2
nd
edition,London:SagePublicationsLtd.
urban sociology (ADS605)39
URBAN SOCIOLOGY
ADS605
-Urban community-

40. Quiz
urban sociology (ADS605)40
URBAN SOCIOLOGY
ADS605
-Urban community-
True False Questions
Statement True False
Urban community is a group that perceives itself as having strong and lasting
bonds, particularly when the group shares a geographic location in the city.
x
Urbanization is the process of city formation and city growth x
Cities have changed by the changes of the dominant economic activities from the
nodal services sector (specialized in services) to manufacturing sector to
financial investment.
x
The diversity in lifestyle and subcultures exists just within the city but throughout
the metropolitan region.
x
Max Weber believed that an individual’s class position is important because it
helps determine the life chances that could be expected in the future
x

41. Quiz
urban sociology (ADS605)41
URBAN SOCIOLOGY
ADS605
-Urban community-
Select thestatement about The Wealthy Group in Urban
Statement True
They isolate themselves from population by living in expensive houses with
security guards and controlled entrances, gardeners and servants.
x
Women control over environmental space of the home
They isolate themselves from population by living in expensive houses with
security guards and controlled entrances, gardeners and servants.
x
They prefer outsourcing of specialised household tasks such as child care,
housecleaning and so on.
They have multiple home ownership located in the cities, hills, seaside and
everywhere.
x

42. Author
Dr. Nor HafizahBintiMohamed Harith
[email protected]
urban sociology (ADS605)42
Author
Muhamad Fuad Bin Abdul Karim
[email protected]
URBAN SOCIOLOGY
ADS605
-Urban community-
Author
Ahmad Faiz Bin Yaacob
[email protected]