Advanced construction equipments and techniques

It describes that what are the advanced construction techniques and equipment's used in today's construction field.

1. ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS AND TECHNIQUES PRESENTED BY, D.SELVAGANESH, 3 rd YEAR,DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL, FATIMA MICHAEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, MADURAI – 20. & G.MATHAN KUMAR, 3 rd YEAR,DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL, KAMARAJAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIRUDUNAGAR.

2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION UNDER WATER CONSTRUCTION AND ITS CLASSIFICATIONS METHODS OF PLACING THE CONCRETE AND ITS TYPES TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY AND ITS USES MODERN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND ITS APPLICATIONS CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION Now a days the construction technology and equipments becomes very advanced. The advanced construction techniques such as under water construction , trenchless technology and many new innovative materials used in advanced construction techniques and equipments to speed up the construction of any building works. So that we will discuss about few techniques and materials used in that.

4. UNDER WATER CONSTRUCTION

5. UNDER WATER CONSTRUCTION During the construction of bridges, dams or any other structure where foundation part of the structure is mostly like to lie underwater, we have to opt for underwater construction. Construction in water poses many difficulties especially in the places where there the depth is considerable During underwater construction our main objective is to create a dry and water free environment for working in such a manner that the structural stability of the structure is not compromised.

6. CLASSIFICATIONS OF UNDER WATER CONSTRUCTION UNDER WATER CONSTRUCTION C ONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES METHODS OF PLACING OF CONCRETE UNDERWATER CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES CAISSONS COFFERDAMS METHODS OF PLACING OF CONCRETE TREMIE METHOD PUMP METHOD TOGGLE BAGS BAG WORKS

7. CAISSONS Caissons are the structure used in underwater construction work, consisting of an air tight chamber, open at the bottom and containing air under sufficient pressure to exclude the water.

8. TYPES OF CAISSONS BOX CAISSON OPEN CAISSON PNEUMETIC CAISSON

9. BOX CAISSON

10. OPEN CAISSON

11. COFFERDAMS A cofferdam is a type of watertight construction designed to facilitate construction projects in areas that are normally submerged, such as bridges and piers.

12. TYPES OF COFFERDAM Cantilever sheet piles Braced cofferdam Double wall cofferdam Cellular cofferdam Earth embankment Rock fill cofferdam

13. CANTILEVER SHEET PILES

14. BRACED COFFERDAM

15. DOUBLE WALL COFFERDAM

16. CELLULAR COFFERDAM

17. EARTH EMBANKMENT

18. ROCKFILL COFFERDAM

19. METHODS OF PLACING OF CONCRETE TREMIE METHOD TOGGLE BAGS PUMP METHOD BAG WORKS

20. TREMIE METHOD

21. PUMP METHOD

22. TOGGLE BAGS BAG WORK Toggle bags are ideal for small amount of concrete placements. The bag is filled in the dry with wet concrete. Used for repair work. The concrete is squeezed out by a driver. Bags are made of open weave material. Diver -handled bags are usually of 10 – 20 litters capacity but 1 cub.m bags can be placed using a crane.

23. TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY Trenchless technology methods include all methods of installing or renewing underground utility systems with minimum disruption of the surface or subsurface . Trenchless technology consist of various methods, materials and equipment for inspection ,utilization and rehabilitation . Trenchless technology has become popular for underground utility construction road crossings . In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in development of new trenchless technology equipment and methods.

24. OBJECTIVE OF TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY Cost-effectiveness Ease of Design Production rates Extends underground assets Benefits environment

25. SITE INVESTIGATION Common problems at site are, Loss of invert walls, ceiling due to corrosion Leaking joints Settlement Shape deformation In adequate flow capacity Voids in embankment around and above the culvert Hence before take the trenchless excavation work the site investigation must be made .

26. TRENCHLESS TECHNIQUES INPIPES

27. TECHNIQUES IN LAYING OF PIPES PIPE JACKING The term pipe jacking can be used to describe a specific installation technique as well as a process applicable to other trenchless technology

28. AUGER BORING If there are longer borings to be carried out or if the drilling precision has to be higher the borings are carried out as guided auger borings.

29. MICRO TUNNELING Pipes are jacked from a launch pit to a reception pit by means of a hydraulic jacking station in the launch pit

30. UTILITY TUNNELING The Procedure consists of four major steps soil excavation. Soil removal. Segmental liner installations Line and grade control.

31. PIPE RAMMING Pipe ramming involves the use of the dynamic force and energy transmitted by a percussion hammer attached to the end of a pipe .

32. ADVANTAGES OF TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY Expenses and dates are much easier to calculate. Surface life stays mainly undisturbed. Up to 95 percent lesser load for landfills due to minimal excavations. Small stress for streets and traffic. Minimization of CO2 emissions

33. INTRODUCTION TO MODERN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Now –a- days many new innovative materials are being invented and many new materials are being in research. New innovative thinking and new invention is necessary to save our valuable time and energy. Some of the innovative materials are listed below .

34. MODERN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Fly ash bricks. Translucent concrete. Sensi tiles. Liquid granite. Carbon Nano-tubes. Unfired clay bricks. Bendable concrete. Richlite. Radient barriers. Transparent aluminium. Carbon fiber. Solar pannel roofing tiles. These are the several materials used in advanced construction techniques and equipments such as

35. FLY ASH BRICKS Fly ash bricks are building materials containing class c fly ash. In India, the fly ash was first used in rihad dam which is located at Pipri sonbhadra district in uttar Pradesh. The composition of fly ash bricks are fly ash, lime, gypsum, sand, cement. These bricks are environment friendly and they can be manufactured at construction site itself.

36. FLY ASH BRICKS

37. TRANSLUCENT CONCRETE They have been developed by Hungarian architect ARON LOSONCZI. It is mostly same as the regular concrete, visually appealing by mixing concrete with optical glass fibers and thus the result was light transmitting concrete. The glass fiber in the concrete act like a slit and carry the light across and the light carried maintains its original color. It carries the same amount of light through it, no matter how thick it is.

38. TRANSLUCENT CONCRETE

39. SENSI TILE If you walk across your kitchen the floor to get something from the refrigerator, the floor twinkles with light path that guides your way through the dark room. The concrete of the tile is embedded with acrylic fiber optic channels that transfer the light from one point to another. As shadow move across terrazzo’s surface , the light channels flicker with a randomized.

40. SENSI TILES

41. LIQUID GRANITE The material is light weighted and has the same load bearing capacity of cement but it is made of recycled materials. Liquid granite is not only a fire- resistant beyond 1,100 degrees celsius, it can also withstand high temperature for longer periods . So, It has moisture resisting properties also .

42. LIQUID GRANITE

43. CARBON NANO-TUBES Heralded as one of the “Top ten advances in materials science” over the last 50 years, Materials Today , 2016. Sales of carbon nano-tubes projected to exceed $2B, >10 3 metric tons annually in the next 4 - 7 years. Major use – electronics and composites.

44. UNFIRED CLAY BRICKS Unfired clay bricks are made up of earthy materials and are air-dried instead of fired like conventional bricks. It is eco- friendly and with additional construction properties. It have the benefit of reducing the energy used in manufacturing and increases strength and decreases shrinkage.

45. UNFIRED CLAY BRICKS

46. BENDABLE CONCRETE A new type of fiber reinforced bendable concrete is used in various places. This new concrete is around 500 times more resistant to cracking than regular. The fibers slide within the concrete when bending occurs, providing with it is enough ton prevent breakage.

47. BENDABLE CONCRETE

48. RICHLITE It is a dense material made from partially recycled paper and phenolic resin. The 70 percentage of the material is made with recycled paper. It has high strength and has resistance to high temperature upto 350 F.

49. RADIENT BARRIERS It can be applied anywhere in attic space of house. It keeps heat out in summer and warm in during winter. It is usually made up of aluminum. Radient barriers are widely used in many areas.

50. TRANSPARENT ALUMINIUM It is extremely durable material with excellent optical transparency. To be used for windows, domes, plates, rods and tubes with a wide range of sizes and varieties. It has excellent clarity. Outstanding strength and hardness. Cost effective advanced material solution. It is used in aerospace, security, defence,and energy and consumer products.

51. TRANSPARENT ALUMINIUM

52. SOLAR PANNEL ROOFING TILES It transforms the solar energy into usable electricity which is required for our homes. Receives rebate from the government for installing them. Solar panel roofing tiles are play an important role in our field or profession.

53. CARBON FIBRE Carbon fiber is made up of carbon strands that are thinner than human hair. The strands can be woven together, like cloth, and then that can be moulded to any shape you might want. Carbon fiber is extremely strong, light weighted material. It is five times strong as steel, two times as stiff and weight is about two-thirds less.

54. APPLICATIONS OF MODERN MATERIALS Several modern construction materials have more strength, hardness, toughness and durability. For example, fly ash bricks have these characters when compared with normal bricks. From the above discussions the modern materials are mostly used in all over the world . We can make our nation as Hi-tech using these innovative materials.

55. CONCLUSION Hence the following techniques such as under water construction and trenchless technology or like that are very use full in today's life These new emerging building materials should be replaced with the old ones to improve the properties of materials and helps in recycling of the materials to save energy, time, money and make our country as pollution free . So more innovative materials should be created and make construction of the building simpler with more strength.