Aerosols, Propellants and types of propellants , Containers , types of containers.pptx

Aerosols, propellants , types of propellants,
containers ,types of containers, Definition of aerosols, History of aerosols, what is propellent, Types of propellant, liquefied gases propellants, chlorofluoro carbons, hydrocarbons, hydrofluoro alkanes, compressed gasses propellant, blending of propellant, Dalton's law, containers for aerosols, types of containers for aerosols, tin plates steel container, aluminium containers, stainless steel containers, glass containers, uncoated glass container, plastic coated glass container, m. pharm 1 year, pharmaceutics, Novel targeted drug delivery system.

1. Puttamreddy kavyasri, M. pharmacy(Pharmaceutics), MB School of pharmaceutical sciences(MBU) Aerosols, Propellants, Containers

2. 01 02 03 Propellants Containers C ontents History of Aerosols Definition of Aerosols Components of Aerosols

3. An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas A system that depends on the power of a compressed gas or liquefied gas to expel the contents from the container. It is delivered as spray, stream, quick breaking foam or stable foam. Definition

4. History of Aerosols : Pressurized packages existed during early 9000 s. First aerosol insecticide was developed by Good hue & Sulliven of US Dep of agriculture in 1942 . In 1950 s principles of aerosols technology were applied to the development of pharmaceutical aerosols. Firstly used for burns, minor cuts, bruises, infections and dermatological conditions For respiratory tract local activity seen in 1955 (Epinephrine).

5. Propellants: Propellants is responsible for developing the proper pressure within the container and it expels the product when the valve is opened & aids in atomization or foam production of the product . Various types of propellants are utilized: Liquefied gases propellants Compressed gases propellants

6. Liquefied gases propellants: Liquefied propellants are gases that behave as liquids under pressure. Because the aerosol is under pressure, the propellant emerges primarily as a liquid, but it also exists as a gas in the head region. As the valve is opened, some of the liquid propellant converts to gas , filling the head space with gas. This keeps the pressure in the can practically constant and the spray performance consistent throughout the aerosol's lifetime.

7. Examples: Trichloromonofluoromethane - Propellant 11 Dichlorodifluoromethane - Propellant 12 Dichorotetrafluroroethane - Propellant 114 Chlorodifluoromethane - Propellant 22 Chlorodifluoroethane - Propellant 142b Difluoroethane - Propellant 152a Chemical inertness Lack of toxicity Lack of explosiveness Advantage : Disadvantage : High cost It depletes the ozone layer Propellant of choice for oral and inhalation . CHLORO FLUORO CARBONS:

8. HYDROCARBONS: Used for water based aerosols & topical pharmaceutical aerosols utilize hydrocarbons Advantage: Inexpensive Excellent solvents It does not cause ozone depletion . Disadvantage : Inflammable Unknown toxicity produced Examples: Propane - Propellant A-108 Isobutane - Propellant A- 31 Butane - Propellant A- 17 .

9. HYDROFLUORO ALKANES: These compounds break down in the atmosphere at faster rate than CFC's. Lower ozone destroying effect. Advantages : Low inhalation toxicity High chemical stability High purity Not ozone depleting Disadvantages: Poor solvent High cost Examples: 1,1,1,2,3,3 3-Heptafluoro propane (HFA - 227) 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFA - 134a)

10. Compressed gases propellant : Compressed gas propellants occupy only the head space above the liquid in the can. When the aerosol valve is opened, the gas forces the liquid from the can. The amount of gas in the head space remains constant, but there is more space, causing the pressure to decrease over the course of the can's life. Spray performance is maintained, however, through careful selection of the aerosol valve and actuator. no increase in the liquid volume Examples: Nitrogen Carbon dioxide Nitrous oxide

11. Blends of various fluorocarbon propellants are generally used for pharmaceutical aerosols by varying the proportion of each component, any desired vapour pressure can be achieved within the limits of the vapour pressure of the individual propellants. Blending is done on the basis of the desired final pressure & not on the % of each component present. The pressure of each individual component varies somewhat , depending on the degree of purity.

12. Vapour pressure of mixture of propellants can be calculated according to Dalton’s law . Which states that the total pressure in any system is equal to the sum of individual or partial pressures of various components. P= P a +P b P a = n a n a +n b P a O P b = n b n b +n a P b O P x = Partial vapour pressure of propellant P x O = Vapour pressure of pure propellant n = Moles of propellant N = Mole fraction of component When one component is present in relatively low concentration, ideal behaviour is approached .

13. Containers Containers are used to store various types of pharmaceutical products with or without physically contacting the product. Various materials have been used for the manufacturing of aerosol containers, which must withstand pressure as high as 140 to 180 psig at 130 ℉. Metals : Tin plated steel Aluminum stainless steel Glass : Uncoated glass Plastic coated glass

14. Tin plates steel containers: It consist of a sheet of steel plate, this sheet is coated with tin by electrolytic process (process of depositing one metal onto another metal) The coated sheet is cut into 3 desired fabricated pieces. The bottom are attached to body by soldering . When required it is coated with organic material usually oleo resin, phenolic, vinyl or epoxy coating. Welding eliminates soldering process, saves considerable manufacturing time and decreases the product/ container interaction. soldering

15. Aluminium containers: Manufactured by impact extrusion process. These are light in weight, less fragile, less incompatibility due to its seamless nature. Greater resistance to corrosion. Used for inhalation and tropical aerosols. Pure water and pure ethanol causes corrosion to Al containers. Resistance ca be obtained by coating inside of container with organic coating like phenol, vinyl or epoxy and poly amide resins.

16. Stainless steel containers : These are used for inhalation aerosols These are extremely strong. Resistant to many materials. No need for internal coating.

17. Glass containers: These containers are preferred because of its aesthetic value and absence of incompatibilities. These containers are limited to the products having a lower pressure(33 psig) and lower percentage of the propellant. Used for topical and MDI. Two types of glass containers used in aerosols : Uncoated glass container: Decreased cost and high clarity and contents can be viewed at all times . 2. Plastic coated glass containers: These are protected by plastic coating that prevents the glass from shattering in the event of breakage.

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