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1. H A R I S HCH AN D RA P O S T GR AD U A T E COLLEGE APPLICATION OF PHYSICS IN MEDICAL SCIENCE S ub m i tt e d b y - Aravind Yadav m.sc 1year(1 semester) F r o m t h e d e p a r t m e n t o f ph y s i c s

2. CONTENTS Introduction X-ray C T s c a n MRI P E T S c a n Ultrasound Radiotherapy LASER Conclusion

3. I NT R O DU CT I O N T O ME D I CAL PHYSICS Medical Physics is an applied branch of physics concerned with the application o f t h e c o n c e p t s a n d t h e m e t h od s o f p h y s i c s i n d i a go n s i s a n d t r ea t m e n t o f human disease. T h e m a i n a r e a o f m e d i c a l p h y s i c s a r e - Treatment of cancer by ionizing radiation (Radiation oncology) D i a g n o s t i c i m a g i n g w i t h x - r a y U l t a s o u n d a n d n u c l ea r m a g n e t i c r e s o n a n c e ( D i a g n o s t i c r a d i o l og y ) Diagnostic imaging with radioisotopes (Nuclear physics) T h e s t u d y o f r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s a n d r a d i a t i o n p r o c e s s ( h ea l t h p r o c e ss )

4. Physics has wide ranging applications in many aspects of medicine. These applications can be divided into t w o m a i n a r ea : d i a g n o s i s a n d t h e r a p y . Diagnostic radiology is essentially a form of m e d i c a l i m a g i ng . A l l t h e m e t h od s o f m e d i c a l i m a g i n g li k e x - r a y , C T s c a n , M R I , e t c a r e u s e d .

5. X - ra y ar e a w a y o f t a k i n g i m a g e s o f t h e s k e l e t a l s t r u c t u re s o f t h e bod y . X - ra y is a v er y li t t le o r d i n ar y li g h t c a n p aa s t h r o u g h s k i n . I t ’ s e i t h e r absorbe d a t t h e s u r f a c e or re f l e c t e d b a ck . X - R A Y

6. X-ray machines p a ss e s x - r a y b e a m t hrou g h a p a r t of t he body t o produce i m a g e s of t he t ee t h, t i ss u e s , o r g a n s , bon e s inside.

7. C T - S C A N ‘C’- computed ‘T’- tomography C T s c a n n e r s a r e c o m p l e x x - r ay m a c h i n e a t t a c h ed t o a v e r y c l e v er c o m p u ter u s i n g complicated mathematics to b u il d u p i m ages of o u r insides. T h e pa t i e n t i s li e on t h e b ed T h e s c a nn ers i s t h e s h ap e of t h e r i n g . The patient is slowly moved Through the ring as the scan t a k e p l a c e

8. MRI W h a t d o t h e l e tt e r s st a n d f o r? M- Magnetic R - R e s on a nce I- Imaging

9. MRI sc a nn er s u s e t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f m a gn e t i s m t o t a k e h i g h qu a li t y i m a g e s o f t h e i n s i d e o f t h e hu m a n bod y , e s p e c i a ll y t h e b r a i n . T h e y b a s i c a ll y w o r k b y m o n i t o r i n g t h e nu c l e a r s p i n a n d d i s t r i bu t i o n o f h y d r og e n m o l e c u l e s .

10. T h e p a t i en t i s p l a c e d on a b e d a n d t he n m o v e d i n t o a l a r g e h o l l o w t u b e . The tube contains a very powerful magnet…

11. P E T S C A N P - po s i tr o n E - e m i ss i on T - T o m ogra p h y PET s c an n e r s look s li k e C T s c ann e r s ….. T h e k e y d if f e r e n c e - No x - r a y t u b e . T h e ri n g is s u rr o un d e d b y g a mma r a y detectors.

12. U L T RA S O UND U l t r a s o u n d u s e s h i g h frequency sound w a v e s t h a t hu m an c an tolerate, bouncing t he m o f f t h e i n s i de of t h e body t o c r e a t e i m a g e of s o f t t i ss ue s . T he s e ar e m o s t l y u s e d t o c r e a t e i m a g e s of babies inside the womb.

13. RADIOTHERAPY Rad i o t h e rapy i s t h e u se of rad i a t i on so u r c e i n t h e t r e a t m e n t or r e li e f of d i s e as e s. Rad i o t h e rapy i s t h e most i mpor t a n t u se of n u c l e ar p h y s i c s i n m e d i c i n e s. Rad i a t i on t h e rapy i s u s e d for c a n c e r a n d for b l ood d i sord e r s li k e l eu k e m i a. Rad i a t i on so u r c e s are g amma e m i tt e r s w h i c h c an be rad i u m, radon or rad i oa c t i v e i so t op e s of s u c h m e t a l s as c oba l t , g o l d, c e s i u m, iridium.

14. L A SE R S O p h t h a l mo l o g y i s t h e most d e f i n e d f i e l d w h e r e L A S E R i s u s e d for d ia g n os i s as w e l l as s u r gi c al cures. L A S E R i s u s e d t o c r u sh t h e k i d n e y s t o n e s , t o r e s h ape t h e c or n e a, t o t r e at s k i n t u mo r s as we l l as i n ac c e ss i b l e bra i n tumors.

15. Physics is contributing directly to the medical care by providing knowledge of the body at the molecular level with new analytical tools a n d d ia g n os t i c s t e c hn i q u e s. X - ray t opo g rap h y h as a ma j or i mpa c t on X - ray d ia g n os t i c , M RI i s widely regarded as a revolutionary advance in medical diagnostics. Lasers are finding increasingly widespread applications in medicines. Nuclear medicine and radiation therapy have much contribution to m e d i c i n al d i a g n os i s a n d t h e rap y . Inventions of such many new instruments and technologies from physics are enhancing the quality of health care of human beings. He n c e , P h y s i c s h as g r e at i mpa c t on t h e ad v a n c e m e n t of m e d i c al sciences. CONCLUSIONS