Air based hazard

air based hazards

1. Air Based Hazards Presented by : Mr. Traymbak S. Shinde

2. Content Sources of air hazards Effects of air based hazards Air circulation maintenance industry for sterile and non sterile area Preliminary Hazards Analysis PHA Procedure Fire protection Fire prevention Fire extinguishers References

3. SOURCES OF AIR HAZARDS The major sources of air pollution include: the combustion of coal, oil, gas and other fuels for generating electricity; burning gasoline, diesel and other fuels for transportation; emissions from various industrial processes; burning wood and other fuels for heating and cooking; agricultural burning, land clearing and other man-made fires; and natural sources, including volcanoes, forest fires and dust storms.

4. Sources of specific pollutants include : Carbon monoxide  : Incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. Heavy metals  : Combustion of fuels containing lead additives. Mercury is emitted from the burning of fossil fuels. Nitrogen oxides  :emitted from motor vehicles. Particulate Matter : diesel emissions, power plants, industrial facilities, domestic cooking & heating.

5. EFFECTS OF AIR BASED HAZARDS Smog and soot: Smog(ground-level ozone) occurs when emissions from combusting fossil fuels react with sunlight. Soot(particulate matter) made up of tiny particles of chemicals, soil, smoke, dust, or allergens, in the form of gas or solids, that are carried in the air. Hazardous air pollutants: Almost 200 are regulated by law . The most common are mercury, lead, dioxins, and benzene. These are also most often emitted during gas or coal combustion, incineration. Benzene can causes eye, skin, and lung irritation blood disorders . Dioxin scan affect the liverharm the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems.

6. Greenhouse gases: By trapping the earth’s heat in the atmosphere, greenhouse gases lead to warmer temperatures.Causes climate change rising sea levels, more extreme weather, heat-related deaths, and increasing transmission of infectious diseases like Lyme. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), are thousands of times more powerful than carbon dioxide in their ability to trap heat. Pollen and mold: Mold and allergens from trees, weeds, and grass are also carried in the air, are exacerbated by climate change, and can be hazardous to health.When homes, schools, or businesses get water damage, mold can grow and can produce allergenic airborne pollutants

7. Mold exposure can precipitate asthma attacks or an allergic response, and some molds can even produce toxins that would be dangerous for anyone to inhale. Pollen allergies are worsening because of climate change. Climate change also extends the pollen production season, and some studies are beginning to suggest that ragweed pollen itself might be becoming a more potent allergen. That means more people will suffer runny noses, fevers, itchy eyes, and other symptoms.

8. AIR CIRCULATION MAINTENANCE INDUSTRY FOR STERILE AND NON STERILE AREA Products and personnel: Areas for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, where pharmaceutical starting materials and products, utensils, primary packing materials and equipment are exposed to the environment, should be defined as “clean areas”, “clean zones”, “controlled areas” or “clean rooms”. Some of the basic criteria to be considered which affects room cleanliness should include: • building finishes and structure • room pressure • location of air terminals and directional airflow • temperature • relative humidity • material flow • personnel flow

9. Air filtration: The degree to which air is filtered plays an important role in the prevention of contamination and the control of cross-contamination. The type of filters required for different applications depends on the quality of the ambient air and the return air (where applicable) and also on the air change rates. In selecting filters, the manufacturer should have considered other factors, such as particularly contaminated ambient conditions, local regulations and specific product requirements. Good pre-filtration extends the life of the more expensive filters downstream. Dust control: Wherever possible, dust or vapour contamination should be removed at source. Point-of-use extraction, i.e. as close as possible to the point where the dust is generated, should be employed. Spot ventilation or capture hoods may be used as appropriate

10. Unidirectional airflow: Unidirectional airflow (UDAF) should be used for weighing booths or sampling booths to provide operator and product protection and should also have a slight air in-flow from the room to enhance containment. The unidirectional flow velocity should be such that it does not disrupt the sensitivity of balances in weighing areas. Where necessary the velocity may be reduced to prevent inaccuracies during weighing, provided that sufficient airflow is maintained to provide containment.

11. Displacement concept (low pressure differential, high airflow): Under this concept the air should be supplied to the corridor, fl ow through the doorway, and be extracted from the back of the cubicle. The velocity should be high enough to prevent turbulence within the doorway resulting in dust escaping.  Pressure differential concept (high pressure differential,low airflow): The high pressure differential between the clean and less clean zones should be generated by leakage through the gaps of the closed doors to the cubicle. . A pressure differential of 15 Pa is often used for achieving containment between two adjacent zones, but pressure differentials of between 5 Pa and 20 Pa may be acceptable.

12. PRELIMINARY HAZARDS ANALYSIS Preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) is a semi-quantitative analysis that is performed to: 1. Identify all potential hazards and accidental events that may lead to an accident 2. Rank the identified accidental events according to their severity 3. Identify required hazard controls and follow-up actions. Several variants of PHA are used, and sometimes under different names like Rapid Risk Ranking Hazard identification (HAZID)

13. PHA Procedure 1. PHA prerequisites 2. Hazard identification 3. Consequence and frequency estimation 4. Risk ranking and follow-up actions

14. 1.PHA Prerequisite: PHA Team: A typical PHA team may consist of: A team leader (facilitator) with competence and experience in the method to be used A secretary who will report the results Team members (2-6 persons) who can provide necessary knowledge and experience on the system being analyzed

15. Define and describe the system to be analyzed: System description; including layout drawings, process flow diagrams, block diagrams, and so on Use and storage of energy and hazardous materials in the system Operational and environmental conditions to be considered Systems for detection and control of hazards and accidental events, emergency systems, and mitigation actions As part of the system familiarization it is important to consider: What is the system dependent upon (inputs)? What activities are performed by the system (functions)? What services does the system provide (output)?

16. 2.Hazard identification: All hazards and possible accidental events must be identified. It is important to consider all parts of the system, operational modes, maintenance operations, safety systems, and so on. To get a complete survey of all possible hazards it may be beneficial to use a hazard checklist. Several checklists are available in the literature. Common sources of hazards are: Mechanical moving parts Material or system incompatibilities Nuclear radiation Electromagnetic radiation (including infra-red, ultra-violet, laser, radar, and radio frequencies) Fire and explosion

17. To identify hazards, you can: Examine similar existing systems Review previous hazard analyses for similar systems Review hazard checklists and standards Consider energy flow through the system Consider inherently hazardous materials

18. 3.Consequence and frequency estimation : The risk related to an accidental event is a function of the frequency of the event and the severity of its potential consequences. consequences should be considered: An accidental event may lead to wide range of consequences, ranging from negligible to catastrophic. A fire may, for example, be extinguished very fast and give minor consequences, or lead to a disaster. In some applications the severity of an average consequence of an accidental event is assessed. In other applications we consider several possible consequences, including the worst foreseeable consequence of the accidental event.  

19. 4.Risk ranking and follow-up actions : Each entry in the PHA worksheet may be given a specific risk level, for example, Level Name Description H High High risk, not acceptable. Further analysis should be performed to give a better estimate of the risk. If this analysis still shows unacceptable or medium risk redesign or other changes should be introduced to reduce the criticality. M Medium The risk may be acceptable, but redesign or other changes should be considered if reasonably practical. Further analysis should be performed to give a better estimate of the risk. When assessing the need of remedial actions, the number of events of this risk level should be taken into account. L Low The risk is low and further risk reducing measures are not required.

20. FIRE PROTECTION Classification of fire: Class A Fires: Ordinary combustibles such as wood and paper. Class B Fires: Flammable and combustible liquids and gases. Class C Fires: Energized electrical equipment. Class D Fires: Combustible metals. Class K Fires: Cooking Oils and Fats.

21. Water Availability Water is used to suppress most fires, so an adequate water supply is crucial to fire service operations . The supply must deliver an adequate amount of water through a distribution system to the locations needed. The system can serve manual firefighting (typically through fire hydrants), fire standpipe systems, fire spinkler systems, other water-based suppression systems. In rural and suburban areas where a municipal water supply system is not available, static water sources such as lakes, ponds, cisterns, fountains, and swimming pools are often used.

22. Firefighter Access Once firefighters have arrived at an emergency scene and positioned their apparatus, they perform a variety of manual tasks. These include stretching hose lines, placing ladders, forcing entry, climbing stairs, and controlling utilities. Fire department pumpers carry hose lines for attacking fires. These are usually smaller in diameter than the hose lines used to supply water to the pumper from a water source. Many pumpers have one or more hose loads of a fixed length connected into a pump discharge. These are “pre-connected” hose lines, often called simply “ preconnects .” 

23. Sprinkler Systems Pre-action : Pre-action fire sprinkler systems are filled with air and water is allowed to pass through when the smoke alarm or detector goes off.  It helps greatly that the pre-action fire sprinkler can be set to prevent water from spouting in case of a false alarm or a mechanical failure. Dry Pipe: Dry pipe sprinklers are similar to pre-action systems as they use pressurized air in the pipe which exits before water escapes. This causes a minute delay in water discharge but is ideal for buildings with low temperatures so the pipes do not freeze. These fire sprinkler systems have a fast opening tool to get rid of the air and speed up the flow of water. 

24. Wet Pipe: Wet pipe fire sprinklers constantly have water in them. This allows for a quick reaction to a fire and is the most common type of sprinkler installed in buildings. Deluge: These types of fire sprinkler systems also need a smoke or heat detector like the pre-action system. A deluge system has open nozzles that can be used when a hazard is present. When flammable liquids are spread across a floor, deluge fire sprinklers are good to have. In that case, buildings such as industrial parks and buildings with many tanks have deluge fire sprinkler systems installed.  

25. Standpipe System A Standpipe is a type of rigid water piping which is built into multi-story buildings in a vertical position, to which fire hoses can be connected. Dry standpipe: Dry standpipes fixed into buildings, the pipe is in place permanently with an intake usually located near a road or driveway so that a fire engine can supply water to the system. The standpipe supply pipe extends into the building to supply fire-fighting water to the interior of the structure via hose outlets, often located between each floor in stairwells in high rise buildings. Wet standpipe: Wet Standpipes are filled with water and is pressurized at all times. In contrast to dry standpipes, which can be used only by firefighters, wet standpipes can be used by building occupants. Wet standpipes generally already come with hoses so that building occupants may fight fires quickly.

26. FIRE PREVENTION SAFETY MEASURES: Never store flammable materials within 10 feet of a building or other structure. Regularly dispose of combustible debris and scrap from your work area. Make a periodic clean-up of entire work site and keep grass and weeds under control. First, inspect and maintain firefighting equipment regularly. Place an adequate number of firefighting equipment in plain view in your work areas. When appropriate, label the location of each one and make sure it is properly rated.

27. Provide employees with proper training in fire prevention and protection. Prohibit smoking at or around work areas where fire hazards are present. Put up signs, saying NO SMOKING or OPEN FLAMES. Configure an alarm system that consists of both visual and audible signals (bells, sirens, whistles, blinking lights). Post reporting instructions and local Fire Department codes on info boards, common areas, and areas near the phone.

28. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS Portable fire extinguishers have two functions: -to control or extinguish small (incipient stage) fires -to protect evacuation routes that a fire may block directly or indirectly with smoke or burning/smoldering materials. To extinguish a fire with a portable extinguisher, a person must have immediate access to the extinguisher, know how to actuate the unit, and know how to apply the extinguishing agent effectively. Fires can increase in size and intensity in seconds, blocking the exit path of the fire fighter and creating a hazardous atmosphere. In addition, portable fire extinguishers contain a limited amount of extinguishing agent and can be discharged in a matter of seconds. Therefore, individuals should attempt to fight only very small or incipient stage fires.

29. Types of Fire extinguisher Water extinguisher: Water extinguishers are one of the most cost-effective ways to fight Class A fires, those fuelled by solid materials such as paper, wood and textiles. Water jet- extinguishers work by spraying a jet of water at the burning materials. Water spray- extinguishers use a very fine spray of water droplets, each droplet is surrounded by air which is non-conductive.  Water extinguishers with additives- are water extinguishers with foaming chemicals added. Water mist, or fog, extinguishers- apply water in the form of mist, or fog, the droplets are much smaller than those from the water spray extinguisher. The smaller the droplet, the larger its surface area in relation to its size, the quicker the droplet evaporates which absorbs the heat energy faster.  All water extinguishers have a red label.

30. Foam extinguishers: Foam fire extinguishers can be used on Class A and B fires. They are most suited to extinguishing liquid fires such as petrol or diesel and are more versatile than water jet extinguishers because they can also be used on solids such as wood and paper. The foam extinguishes liquid fires by sealing the surface of the liquid, preventing flammable vapour reaching the air and starving the fire of fuel. They are not suitable for use on free flowing liquid fires. . Foam extinguishers have a cream label.  Powder extinguishers: Powder extinguishers are a good multi-purpose fire extinguisher because they can be used on Class A, B and C fires. They can also be used on fires involving electrical equipment however, they do not cool the fire so it can re- ignite.Powder extinguishers have a blue label.

31. Carbon dioxide extinguishers (CO2): CO2 extinguishers are ideal for places with a lot of electrical equipment such as offices or server rooms because they are safe to use on fires involving electrical apparatus. CO2 extinguishers work by smothering the fire and cutting off the supply of air. Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers (CO2) have a black label. Wet chemical extinguishers: Wet chemical extinguishers are suitable for use on Class F fires involving cooking oils and fats, such as lard, olive oil, sunflower oil, maize oil and butter. The wet chemical rapidly knocks the flames out, cools the burning oil and chemically reacts to form a soap-like solution, sealing the surface and preventing re-ignition. Wet chemical extinguishers have a yellow label.

32. REFERANCES Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection System Occupational Safety and Health Administration U.S. Department of Labor. OSHA 3256-09R -2015 PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS, R. R. Mohr, September- 1993, 5th Edition. EPA (2003a). Latest Findings on National Quality: 2002 Status and Trends. Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency. Human health effects of air pollution Marilena Kampa , Elias Castanas *Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion , 71003, Greece Received 4 June 2007; accepted 10 June 2007 Preliminary hazard analysis ,Stein Haugen, Marvin Rausand , RAMS Group Department of Production and ality Engineering ,NTNU. http://www.safetyservicescompany.com http://www.marsden-fire-safety.co.uk http://www.fireline.com

33. Thank You!!!