Air conditioning system

AIR CONDITIONING
AHU
HVAC

1. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM SUBMITTED BY: DEVESH TRIPATHI IFHAM ALI POOJA KUSHWAHA SAMREEN SIRAJ SHUBHI DIXIT AVANTIKA WALIA

2. AIR CONDITIONING Air conditioning (often referred to as ac or a/c) is the process of altering the properties of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more comfortable conditions, typically with the aim of distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Air conditioning is defined as a process which cools, clean, circulates, freshen air and controls its moisture content simultaneously.

3. PRINCIPLES OF AIR CONDITIONING Heat is a form of energy. Every object on earth has some heat energy. The less heat an object has, the colder we say it is. Cooling is the process of transferring heat from one object to another . When an air-conditioning system cools, it is actually removing heat and transferring it somewhere else. This can be demonstrated by turning on a Spot Cooler and placing one hand in front of the cold air nozzle and the other over the warm air exhaust. You will feel the action of the transfer of heat.

4. COMPONENTS OF AIR CONDITIONER Seven critical components come together to make an air conditioner function : Blower: This component, which also works with your furnace, circulates cooled air into your home and pulls room-temperature air back for re-cooling. Evaporator coil : This indoor component, located near the blower, is responsible for extracting heat and humidity from the air. Compressor : Once it has absorbed heat, the refrigerant is in a gaseous state. It passes through the compressor, where the gas is pressurized and heated even more. This important step prepares the refrigerant to give up its heat. Condensing coil : This is the outdoor equivalent to the evaporator coil. As refrigerant travels from the compressor to the condenser, it expels the heat collected from indoors to the outside. Once the refrigerant is cooled to a liquid, it circulates back inside to collect more heat in the evaporator coil.

5. Fan: The outdoor condensing unit becomes very hot with all that overheated refrigerant running through it. A fan and fins that act as heat syncs draw the heat away so the unit doesn’t overheat. Air filter : While an air conditioner can function without the air filter, dust and dirt in the air would quickly collect on A/C components and possibly damage them without the filter in place. Install an efficient enough filter and you can even improve indoor air quality while the air conditioner operates. Thermostat: This is the control center of the entire air conditioning process, reading the indoor temperature and telling the air conditioner when to turn on and off. You change temperature settings here based on your needs. The higher you set the thermostat, the lower your cooling bills will be.

6. REFRIGERATION CYCLE The refrigeration cycle contains four major components: the compressor, condenser, expansion device, and evaporator. The refrigerant begins as a cool vapor and heads to the first component: the  compressor . The compressor is widely considered the engine of the refrigeration cycle; it consumes the most power out of the HVAC system’s components and forces the refrigerant through the system. After compression, the refrigerant moves to the next component in the refrigeration cycle: the condenser. The  condenser’s  job is to cool the refrigerant so that it turns from a gas into a liquid, or condenses.

7. The refrigerant is now approaching the  expansion device  as a hot, high-pressure liquid. The expansion device is responsible for quickly driving the pressure of the refrigerant down so it can boil (evaporate) more easily in the evaporator   Now that the refrigerant is a cold mix of liquid and gas (vapor), it begins to move through the  evaporator . The evaporator is responsible for cooling the air going to the space by boiling (evaporating) the refrigerant flowing through it.  Heat transfers from the air to the refrigerant, which cools the air directly before it is vented to the space. Like the condenser coil, the evaporator coil also winds through the evaporator to maximize heat transfer from the refrigerant to the air. 

8. PSYCHOMETRIC CHART Psychrometric chart is one of the chart that is commonly used in solving HVAC problems. The properties of air such as wet bulb temperature, dry bulb temperature, dew point temperature, relative humidity, humidity ratio, specific enthalphy and specific volume are shown on this chart. It is used to determine how these properties vary as the amount of moisture in the air changes. The chart is based on the standard atmospheric pressure of 76mm Hg or 1.01325 bar.

9. TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM *Window air conditioning system *Split air conditioning system *Centralised air conditioning system *Package air conditioning system

10. PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM *The window and split air conditioners are usually used for the small air conditioning capacities up to 5 tons. *The central air conditioning systems are used for where the cooling loads extend beyond 20 tons. * The packaged air conditioners are available in the fixed rated capacities of 3,5,7,10 and 15 tons. *These units are used commonly in places like restaurants, telephone exchanges, homes, small halls, etc. * It comprises of a compressor, water cooled condenser, evaporator and fan and all mounted in a sheet metal cabinet. *For large capacities floor mounted self contained packaged units are made to meet the requirements. EVAPORATOR

11. WINDOW AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM *Window air conditioners are one of the most commonly used and cheapest type of air conditioners. *To install one of these units, you need the space to make a slot in the wall, and there should also be some open space behind the wall. *Window air conditioner units are reliable and simple to install solution to keep a room cool while avoiding the costly construction of central air system. *Better yet, when the summer heat dies down, these units can be easily removed for storage, and you can use the window sill for other purpose.

12. WORKING: SIDE VIEW TOP VIEW

13. SPLIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM *The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. *The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser and expansion valve. *The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. *Further, the present day split units have aesthetic looks and add the beauty of the room. *The split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.

14. CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM *The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used when large buildings, hotels, theatres, airports, shopping malls etc. *The window and split air conditioners are used for single rooms or small office spaces. *If the whole building is to be cooled it is not economically viable to put window or split air conditioner in each and every room. *Central air conditioners circulate cool air Through a system of supply and return ducts.

15. EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEM *In this system, the engine will be cooled because of the evaporation of the water in the cylinders into the steams. *When water is added to air, the temperature decreases. This is the principle used in what is called evaporative cooling. *It is used for cooling of many types of industrial engines.

16. CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING PARTS OF AIR CONDITIONING AIR HANDELING UNIT (A.H.U) COOLING PLANT COOLING TOWER -- DEVESH TRIPATHI POOJA KUSHWAHA B .ARCH 3 RD YEAR

17. PARTS OF AIR CONDITIONING The outdoor unit contains the condenser coil, compressor, electrical components and a fan. The evaporator coil, which is usually installed on top of the gas furnace inside the home. A series of pipes, or refrigeration lines, connecting the inside and outside equipment. Refrigerant, the substance in the refrigeration lines that circulates through the indoor and outdoor unit. Ducts that serve as air tunnels to the various spaces inside your home. A thermostat or control system to set your desired temperature.

18. AIR HANDLING UNIT An AHU used to- Circulate Distribute and Regulate the conditioned air for HVAC buildings

19. AIR HANDLING UNIT 1 – Supply duct 2 – Fan compartment 3 – Vibration isolator ('flex joint’) 4 – Heating and/or cooling coil 5 – Filter compartment 6 – Mixed (recirculated + outside) air duct

20. COMPONENTS OF AHU Supply duct Supply conditioned air for various heat loads Fan compartment Pressurize air to compensate pressure drop in duct Vibration isolater Dampens the vibration in the unit caused by dynamic equipments

21. **Heating/cooling coil. Controls the temperature and humidity to the required level. **Filter compartment .. Filters the particulate matters to the required standards. **Mixing air duct . Mixes return air with required amount of fresh air.

22. NEED When there is a new installation or modification to your plant Old motors are damaged and need rewinding Existing motors are underloaded or overloaded Protecting other devices

23. Cooling towers “A cooling tower is a heat rejection device, which extracts waste heat to the atmosphere though the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature.” Cooling towers are used in process industries to cool off effluent water from various heat transfer equipment e.g., condensate from a condenser. Cooling towers, in general, cool the water to a temperature below the dry-bulb and above the wet-bulb temperature of air at the present conditions. The cooled water is sent back to the process for reuse, thus emphasizing conservation of water

24. CLASSIFICATION OF COOLING TOWERS 1. Method by which air is introduced into the tower. Cooling towers are generally classified based on the following factors, 2. Flow configuration inside the tower. 3. Method of heat transfer / heat removal.

25. BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A COOLING TOWER Considering an example of an air-water system, the basic working principle of a cooling tower can be listed as, 1. Hot water and relatively cool ambient air enter the cooling tower. 2. Heat transfer between the air stream and the water stream occurs. 3. Hot water transfers its heat to the ambient air and becomes cool. 4. Cool water is removed from the cooling tower and sent back to the process plant. 5. The resulting hot air rises and is, generally, removed from the top of the tower by virtue of its low density.

26. IMPORTANCE OF COOLING TOWER IN CPI Importance of cooling tower in CPI Cooling towers are used to cool industrial processes and applications to ensure that the correct temperature of the environment and the process are maintained during manufacturing or large industrial processes. Natural draft cooling towers require no power and are of key importance in power plants.

27. AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Air distribution refers to the distribution of air to and from conditioned spaces within a building. An air distribution system includes all sub-components, such as fans, filters, dampers, ductwork, etc. Air distribution systems come in a variety of material types, for example, fiberglass and galvanized metal. *FANS *FILTERS *FAN COIL UNITS *DUCTWORK *OUTLETS *DAMPERS

28. Fans A Single-duct system provides ventilation and cooling to the conditioned space. A dual-duct system uses a single fan to move air through both cooling and heating coils in the air handler, distributing the air through separate hot and cold ducts. A fan is used to move air through ducts and to induce air motion in the space.

29. Filters Dirty air filters can reduce the air flow inside the HVAC system, which can cause air-handling fans to work harder and wear out quicker. Dirty air filters can't remove particulates and contaminants effectively, which allows these materials back into your indoor air. HEPA, or high-efficiency particle air, filters function to keep the air in your home as clean as possible. Washable Filters. An option for those who enjoy saving money is washable filters. Conventional Disposable Filters. Custom Filters from Air Boca. Filters are made of polyester or cotton paper sheets and are better at trapping particulates.

30. Fan Coil Units A fan coil unit (FCU) is a simple device consisting of a heating and/or cooling heat exchanger or 'coil' and fan. It is part of an HVAC system found in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.  A fan coil unit (FCU) contains a fan which draws the air in a space into the unit then blows it over a cooling or heating coil. FCUs will generally have a chilled water coil for cooling and either a hot water   coil for heating or an electric heating element.

31. Duct work The duct system is designed to supply rooms with air that is “conditioned”—that is, heated or cooled by the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning  equipment—and to circulate or return the same volume of air back to the   HVAC equipment. Your duct system has two main air-transfer systems—supply and return. The supply side delivers the conditioned air to the home through individual room registers—what you feel blowing out of the registers. The return side withdraws inside air and delivers it to the air handler of your central system. All of the air drawn into the return duct(s) is conditioned and should be delivered back through the supply registers. Material used for ducting 1.GI 2.Aluminium 3.PI 4.Fabric material

32. Outlets Generally, throw or blow refers to discharge from the sidewall outlet, and the radius of diffusion relates to the ceiling outlets. An air handler, or air handling unit (often abbreviated to AHU), is a device used to condition and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system Outlet classification- Outlets mounted in or near the ceiling that discharge air horizontally. Outlets mounted in or near the floor that discharge airvertically in a non-spreading jet. Outlets mounted in or near the floor that discharge airvertically in a spreading jet. Outlets mounted in or near the floor that discharge air horizontally. Outlets mounted in or near the ceiling that project primary air vertically.

33. Dampers A damper is a valve or plate that stops or regulates the flow of air inside a duct, chimney, VAV box, air handler, or other air-handling equipment. A damper may be used to cut off central air conditioning (heating or cooling) to an unused room, or to regulate it for room-by-room temperature and climate control. Advantages: Cost. Power consumption. Disadvantages: New US residential building codes require permanent access to dampers through ceiling access panels. Low total flow when only some dampers are open can cause inefficient operation. Supply and return ducts need dampers to avoid pressurization of portions of the building.