Air pollution and its management

Air pollution causes, types, sources, removal, control

1. Air Pollution and management 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 1

2. What is Air A mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and minute amounts of other gases surrounds the earth and forms its atmosphere. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 2

3. What is Air 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 3

4. What is Air 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 4

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6. Air Pollution Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particles or biological material that cause harm or discomfort to humans or are unhealthy for humans or other living organisms plants and animals, or damage the natural enviornment into the atmosphere. Any visible or invisible particle or gas found in the air that is not part of the original, normal composition of air 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 6

7. Pollutants 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 7

8. What are air pollutants A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans other living organisms (including plants and animals) or the enviornment is known as air Pollutants Or Things that pollute air are call air pollutants 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 8

9. Classification or Types of air pollutants based on origin There are two types of pollutants Primary Secondary 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 9

10. Types of pollutants (Primary) A  primary pollutant  is an air pollutant emitted directly from a source . Some examples are under as Carbon monoxide ( CO ) Lead ( Pb ) Sulphur dioxide ( SO2 ) Carbon dioxide ( CO2 Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2) Nitrogen oxide ( NO ) Volatile organic compounds ( CH4 ) 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 10

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22. Types of pollutants Secondary pollutants (formaldehydes) A  secondary pollutant  is not directly emitted as such, but forms when other pollutants (primary pollutants) react in the atmosphere. E.g (smog) SO3 , SO4 , H2SO4 , HNO3 , NO3 , O3 Salts , H2O2 , peroxyacetyl nitrate ( PANs ) Are even more dangerous than primary 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 22

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25. smog 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 25

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29. Types of pollutants 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 29

30. Forms of air pollutants 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 30

31. Forms of air pollutants They can be in the form of Solid partices Liquid drops Or gases 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 31

32. causes of air pollution OR Sources of air pollution The Sources of air pollution may be classified into two groups 1 .Natural sources 2.Man made sources 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 32

33. Natural sources Atmospheric reactions Dust and aerosol Microorganisms Pollen Radioactive substances 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 33

34. Natural sources Atmospheric Reactions In the atmosphere, different types of chemical reactions are always going on. In the lower atmosphere the gases and vapours are always converted into solids and liquids by condensation or oxidation. In the upper atmosphere, the photochemical reations are going on by the absorption of ultra-violet solar radiations. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 34

35. Natural sources Atmospheric Reactions It breaks the complex molecules of organic matters. The products of atmospheric reactions come down to earth by rain, snowfall, etc 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 35

36. Natural sources “2’ Dust and aerosol The dust and aerosol which are present in atmosphere cosist of salt particles from Sea water, airborne particles, bacteria, …etc The particles remain suspension in air . 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 36

37. Natural sources ‘3’ Micro-organisms The are in the form of yeast , algae, fungi ,bacteria, …etc. These organisms can be transported by wind to far distances and can affect plants, animals, and human beings. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 37

38. Natural sources ‘4’ pollen These may enter from the flowers of plants including the trees, grasses, and weeds and may be transported from place to place by wind. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 38

39. Natural souces Radioactive substances The radioactivity of the atmosphere is caused by the radioactive materials present the crust of the earth and the action of cosmic rays. The radioactive substances such as radium, uranium, thoridium , …etc are responsible for the imparting the radioactivity of air. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 39

40. Man made sources There are so many man made sources that cause pollution in air , from which some are discused under here Combustion of fuel Thermal and nuclear power plants Industries Vehicular popullation Construction materials System of sanitation Nuclear combustion 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 40

41. Man made sources Combustion of fuel In domestic areas, the burning of coal, wood, oil, and LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas) form harmfull gases which pollute the air and cause different diseases in humans as well as in other organisms. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 41

42. Man made sources Thermal and nuclear power plants The thermal power plants contribute sulphur dioxide ( a cause of acid rain). The nuclear power plants contribute radioactive fly ashes to the atmospheric air. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 42

43. Man made sources Industries The industries like iron and steel manufacturing, oil refinery, chemical factories, petrochemical plants, pulp and paper , …etc cause a serious air pollution. The smelting and refining of non-ferrous metals also impart much air pollutants. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 43

44. Man made sources Vehicular pollution The towns and cities are crowded with trucks, buses, minibuses, cars, taxies, …etc. which exhaust carbon mono oxide ( CO ) in large scale. This gas is very dangerous to human health. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 44

45. Man made sources Construction materials The manfacture of bricks, cement, stone chips, …etc. Pollute the atmosphere by discharging smoke, gases and dusts. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 45

46. Man made sources System of sanitation The unscientific disposal of garbage products foul gases , bad odour and insanitary condition. In towns where the conservancy system is followed, the system of disposal of night soil produces foul gases , fly irritaiton …etc 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 46

47. Man made sources Nuclear combustion The expermental combustion of nulear weapons pollutes these atmosphere by radioactive ashes. Again the combustion in nuclear research centre ,also develops radioactive substances which pollute the atmosphere 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 47

48. Mining operations Mining is a process wherein minerals below the earth are extracted using large qeuipments . During the process dust chemicals are released in air causing massive air pollution. This is one of the reason which is responsible for the deteriorating health conditions of workers and neardy residents, 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 48

49. Sources of air pollution 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 49

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51. Effects of air pollution Global warming Acid rain Smog Ozone deplition Diseases Respiratory problems Asthama Heart problem 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 51

52. Effects of air pollution Mortality Cardiovescular Cystic fibrosis Lungs diseases Cancer Dificulty in breathing Wheezling 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 52

53. Effects of air pollution Irritation of eyes , noise , mouth , throat , Coughing Bronchitis Reduced energy level 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 53

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55. Management 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 55

56. Difference between perfect combustion and typical engine combustion Perfect combustion Fuel + air  CO2 + H2O unaffected nitrogen Typical engine combustion Fuel + air  unburned hydrocarbons + nitrogen oxides ( Nox ) + carbon monoxide CO + CO2 + water 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 56

57. Air pollution management Air pollution management aims at the elimination, or reduction to acceptable levels, of airborne gaseous pollutants, suspended particulate matter and physical and, to a certain extent, biological agents whose presence in the atmosphere can cause adverse effects on human health Or To reduce or eliminate the air pollutants from air which is harmful for humans and other organisms is known as air pollution management 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 57

58. Air pollution management Typical measures in air quality management are control measures at the source  for example enforcement of the use of catalytic converters in vehicles or of emission standards in incinerators, land-use planning shut-down of factories or reduction of traffic during unfavorable weather conditions. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 58

59. Air pollution management  implementing a wide range of measures covering land and sea transport power plants non-road mobile machinery to reduce air pollution.  electricity generation by fuel (minimum it) 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 59

60. Air pollution management Ways to Reduce Air Pollution We make choices everyday that can help reduce air pollution. Below are a few ideas that you can take to help clean our air. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 60

61. Air pollution management At Home Conserve energy - turn off appliances and lights when you leave the room. Recycle paper, plastic, glass bottles, cardboard, and aluminum cans. (This conserves energy and reduces production emissions.) 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 61

62. Air pollution management Buy green electricity-produced by low-or even zero-pollution facilities. Connect your outdoor lights to a timer or use solar lighting. Wash clothes with warm or cold water instead of hot. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 62

63. Air pollution management Lower the thermostat on your water heater to 120F. Use low-VOC or water-based paints, stains, finishes, and paint strippers. Test your home for radon-a dangerous, radioactive gas that is odorless and tasteless. If the test shows elevated levels of radon, the problem can be fixed cost effectively. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 63

64. Air pollution management Choose not to smoke in your home, especially if you have children. If you or your visitors must smoke, then smoke outside. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 64

65. Air pollution management Buy Smart Buy ENERGY STAR products, including energy efficient lighting and appliances. They are environmentally friendly products. Choose efficient, low-polluting models of vehicles. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 65

66. Air pollution management Choose products that have less packaging and are reusable. Shop with a canvas bag instead of using paper and plastic bags. Buy rechargeable batteries for devices used frequently. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 66

67. Air pollution management Drive Wise Plan your trips. Save gasoline and reduce air pollution. Keep tires properly inflated and aligned. In the summertime, fill gas tank during cooler evening hours to cut down on evaporation. Avoid spilling gas and don't "top off" the tank. Replace gas tank cap tightly. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 67

68. Air pollution management Avoid waiting in long drive-thru lines, for example, at fast-food restaurants or banks. Park your car and go in. When possible, use public transportation, walk, or ride a bike. Get regular engine tune ups and car maintenance checks (especially for the spark plugs). 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 68

69. Air pollution management Use an energy-conserving (EC) grade motor oil. Report smoking vehicles to your local air agency. Join a carpool or vanpool to get to work. 12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 69

70. Assignment of : Ecology Submitted to : Dr. Ghani Submitted by : Mujahid hussain Roll No. : 127 Class : Bs botany 6 th (S.S) UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA THANK YOU  12/04/2014 Mujahid hussain (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha) 70