Air pollution and sustainable development.pptx

My class 10 presentation

1. AIR POLLUTION: AN OBSTACLE TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Prepared by: Name: Rashmi Prakash Palai Class: 10 ‘B’ Roll no.: 30 Dr. A.N.K.DAV. Public School, Basanti Colony, Rourkela, Odisha

2. Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to our geography teacher Mr Bijay Kumar Mishra and Hon’ble Principal sir Mr L. N. Pradhan for giving me this golden opportunity to prepare a project on ‘Air Pollution : An Obstacle To Sustainable Development’ under the theme ‘Sustainable Development’, which was an extraordinary facet for me to improve my research skills and improve my knowledge on air pollution. I would especially like to thank the former for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of the project. I would also like to thank my parents for providing me with adequate resources to complete this project. I would especially like to thank myself for providing me with emotional and psychological support during these uncertain times.

3. Introduction Sustainable Development: Sustainable development is development that takes place without damaging the environment. It is development that meets the needs of present generation without compromising the needs of future generation. In 2015, United Nations General Assembly outlined 17 sustainable development goals to be achieved by 2030. (agenda 2030) Air Pollution is outlined under The 13 th SDG – Climate Action.

4. Introduction (Contd.) Air Pollution: Air pollution is the presence of substances in the atmosphere in amounts greater than natural levels which have adverse effects on human beings and the ecosystem. The substance present in abnormal amounts which has adverse effects on ecosystem is called an air pollutant. ex- sulphur trioxide, ozone, CFCs, Carbon dioxide, etc. Harmful Effects Of Air Pollution include global warming and climate change, Acid rain, Ozone depletion, Respiratory diseases like emphysema, asthma, etc. According to UNEP, air pollution causes 1 in 9 deaths in the whole world.

5. Greenhouse gas emissions in India According to a 2014 study by Environment Protection Agency (US), India produced 7% of the Global CO 2 Emmissions . This made it the 4 th highest producer of greenhouse gases in the world. Source: Ref. 4

6. Source: Ref. 5

7. PM2.5 concentration – air pollution marker. PM 2.5  concentration is the concentration of fine inhalable solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in air, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometres and smaller. Exposure to fine particles can cause short-term health effects such as eye, nose, throat and lung irritation, coughing, sneezing, runny nose and shortness of breath.  Studies also suggest that long term exposure to fine particulate matter may be associated with increased rates of chronic bronchitis, reduced lung function and increased mortality from lung cancer and heart disease.

8. Air pollution in different cities As per a study based on 2016 data, at least 140 million people in India breathe air that is 10 times or more over the WHO safe limit. Of the 30 most polluted cities in the world, 21 were in India in 2019. According to IQAir’s World Air Quality Report 2018, Gurugram had the highest PM 2.5 particulate matter pollution in the whole world. According to the same, 7 out of the top 10 cities having highest particulate matter pollution are Indian cities.

9. Table 1: PM 2.5 levels in various Indian cities in 2018 (by IQAir ).

10. Air pollution causes

11. Biomass burning Biomass burning refers to the burning of living or dead vegetation like crop residue, grasslands, etc and burning of biomass for fuel. A 2018 study found that residential biomass burning caused 90 percent of the annual PM2.5 emissions in the IGP. Major forms of biomass burning: Cow dung cake: In 2015, 78% of the population depends on biomass for cooking and heating. This number has reduced due to govt. interventions like PMUY. Cow dung cakes produce smoke and numerous indoor air pollutants (including carcinogens) at concentrations 5 times higher than coal.

12. Biomass burning (contd.) Stubble burning : Straw stubble is part of the crop left after harvesting grains. Stubble burning  is the practice of intentionally setting fire to the straw  stubble  that remains after grains, such as rice and wheat, have been harvested. This practice is observed especially in Punjab and Haryana. To quickly and cheaply clear their fields to sow wheat each year, farmers in these states burn an estimated 23 million tons of straw from their rice harvests. Though this practice has been banned since 2002, It is still practiced. A 2020 environment ministry report says that the average contribution of stubble burning on Delhi’s seasonal smog has grown from 10% in 2019 to 15% in 2020.

13. Fuel adulteration A 2016 SC bench headed by then CJI TS Thakur ruled that fuel adulteration, mainly mixing kerosene with petrol and diesel, was rampant in India. As many as 3,801 cases of adulteration were detected in fuel retail outlets across the country from 2013 to 2016. According to a 2002 World Bank report, As kerosene is more difficult to burn than Gasoline, burning of adulterated fuel increases emissions of : Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbons Nitrogen oxides Carcinogens like Benzene.

14. Traffic congestion A 2009 scientific study reveals that at low speeds, vehicles burn fuel inefficiently and pollute more per trip. As traffic congestion reduces traffic speed, it leads to more pollution in urban areas. According to TomTom Traffic index 2018, Bengaluru is most traffic congested city in the whole world. According to the same, 4 out of the Top 10 most traffic congested cities in the whole world are Indian. As early as 2007, 50% of children in Bangalore suffered from asthma.

15. Table 2: % Increase in average journey time in various Indian cities (according to TomTom traffic index 2018).

16. Solutions Biomass burning: Happy seeder : It is a planter which chops the stubble of previous crop alongwith tilling the field and deposits it on the field. It also plants the seeds in the tills. The deposited material decomposes and acts as fertiliser. It also conserves soil moisture, by reducing evaporation, alongwith reducing soil erosion. The government is offering up to 50% to 80% subsidy to farmers in punjab and haryana on happy seeder . Govt. has started stringent enforcement of the ban on stubble burning. Use of solid fuel in cooking has reduced 50% due to govt. policies like PMUY ( Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana ).

17. Solutions (Contd.) Traffic congestion: Using public transport: Private vehicles contribute about 84.3% of NOx emissions in India. Public transport vehicles contribute lesser per passenger due to increased number of passengers. This reduces vehicles on road thereby reducing traffic congestion. Using Electric Vehicles: Indian govt. has planned make 25% of private vehicles electricity powered. Avoiding running errands during peak hours. Adaptive Signal Technology. Fuel Adulteration: Motor Spirit and High Speed Diesel (Regulation of Supply, Distribution and Prevention of Malpractices) Order, 2005 under Essential Commodities Act, 1955 Surprise inspections by mobile labs. Third part audit of outlets.

18. Conclusion It would suffice to say that a single presentation is not enough to describe a problem as vast and multifaceted as air pollution in its entirety but this presentation was an attempt to highlight the severity of air pollution in India and along with presenting some less commonly discussed major contributing factors. I would also like to quote: So, knowledge disseminated by presentations like these are useless unless adequate measures are taken not only by figures of authority but also by the layman. Therefore, I hope this presentation is of use to the audience in their day-to-day efforts to curb air pollution. Knowledge is not Power, Implementation of Knowledge is Power

19. Bibliography Contemporary India – II, NCERT “ Sustainable Development Goals ”, www.undp.org 2018 WORLD AIR QUALITY REPORT , IQAir “Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data”, 2014, EPA (US) “ Brown to Green: The G20 Transition Towards A Net-Zero Emissions Economy 2019 report”, Enerdata 2019   Bernard, Steven; Kazmin , Amy (December 11, 2018).  "Dirty air: how India became the most polluted country on earth" . ig.ft.com. “ Particulate Matter (PM) Basics”, EPA (US). TomTom traffic index 2018, TomTom   "WHO | India takes steps to curb air pollution" . Bulletin of the World Health Organization.  94  (7): 487–8. 2016. 

20. Bibliography (Contd.) “Steps to Curb Fuel Adulteration”, PIB, Govt. of India Abdul Majeed , “Emission norms: Catalyst or hurdle for Indian automobile industry?”, 25/02/14, Economic Times “Happy Seeder ”, Wikipedia Dhananjay Mahapatra , “Auto fuel adulteration rampant in India, says SC”, 27/08/16, Economic Times "Urban Air Pollution, Catching gasoline ad diesel adulteration"  (PDF). The World Bank. 2002 Krutika Pathi , Arvind Chhabra , “ Stubble burning: Why it continues to smother north India ”, 30/11/20, BBC Ishwar C.  Yadav ,  Ningombam L. Devi,  Encyclopedia of Environmental Health (Second Edition) , 2019   Stewart, Gareth J.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Nelson, Beth S.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Arya , Rahul; Mondal , Arnab ; Jangirh , Ritu ; Ahlawat , Sakshi ; Yadav , Lokesh ; Sharma, Sudhir K. (2021-02-18).  "Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds from combustion of domestic fuels in Delhi, India" . Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

21. Bibliography (Contd.) Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Farren , Naomi J.; Hopkins, James R.; Ward, Martyn W.; Swift, Stefan J.; Arya , Rahul; Mondal , Arnab ; Jangirh , Ritu (2021-02-18).  "Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India" . Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. Aaron Steinberg, “ A Matter of Particular Concern: India’s Transition From Biomass Burning ”, 11/03/19, Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). “ Fine Particles (PM 2.5) Questions and Answers ”, Dept. of Health, New York State.

22. THANK YOU