AIR POLLUTION_ Community Medicine Presentation

Air Pollution _ Environment.

1. AIR POLLUTION Dr Umer FCPS Surgery

2. Entry of chemicals ,biological materials or particulate matter into the atmosphere That cause harm or distress to humans or others living organism Cause damage to natural or built environment Air pollutants can be natural or man-made and in the form of solid,liquid or gases

3. AIR Immediate environment Supply oxygen Human body cooled by air contact,special sense of hearing and smell Continous supply of air to exist Disease agents are transmitted Pollution is sourse of diseases

4. Man’s adventure into outer space has broadened concept of air Air requirement is constant 10-20cubic meter/day

5. Composition Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% Carbon dioxide 0.03% Traces of argon,neon

6. IMPURE AIR Air is impured by respiration of humans and animals Combustion of coal, gas,oil Decomposition of organic matter Trade’traffic and manufacturing processes which give off dust,fumes,vapours and gases

7. Air is pured by self cleaning mechanisms which exist in nature Wind Sunlight Rain Plant life

8. Occupied room air Human presence in a room vitiates air Chemical changes(increases carbon dioxide and decreases oxygen content Physical changes 1. Rise in temperature 2.Increase of humidity 3. Decrease in air movement 4.Body odour 5.Bacterial pollution

9. Bacterial pollution Viated air must be replaced with fresh air otherwise it effects Comfort Health and efficiency of occuption Feeling of suffocation and discomfort Risk of droplet infection and lowered resistance to diseases

10. Discomfort Subjective sensation which people experience in ill-ventilated and crowded rooms. INDICES Air temperature Air temperature and humidity Cooling power(air movement) Effective temperature Corrective effective temp Maximum allowable sweat rate

11. Effective temperature is an arbitrary index which combines into a single value the effect of temperature, humidity and movement of the internal air on the sensation of warmth or cold felt by the human body. The numerical value of effective temperature is that of the temperature of still, saturated air which would induce the same sensation of warmth or cold as that experienced in the given conditions. For example, if the environment has an ET value of 30 deg.C (86 deg.F ), it implies that the subjective sensation of it will be same as in a saturated atmosphere of 30 deg.C (86 deg.F ) with no air movement.

12. Pollution Inescapable consequence of presence of man and activites Concentrations effect human health,safety Effect the ecosystem

13. Pollutants Primary pollutants Secondary pollutants Gaseous air pollutants Particulate air pollutants

14. Sources of air pollution Automobiles(emit hydrocarbons,CO,lead,nitrogen oxides Industries(smokes,SO2,NO,fly ash) Domestic sources(smoke dust,SO2,NO) Passive smoking Miscellaneous(pesticide spray, burning refuse , natural sources and nuclear energy programmes )

15. Air pollutants More than 100 substances Carbon monoxide Sulpher dioxide Lead Carbon dioxide Hydrocarbon Cadmium Hydrogen sulphide Ozone

16. Poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbon Particule matter Indoor air pollution One of four most critical environmental problems Acuta respiratory tract infection in young children Chronic lung diseases Cancers Stillbirth in women exposed during pregnancy

17. Monitoring Indicators 1. Sulphur dioxide 2. Smoke and soiling index 3. Dust measurement 4. Coefficient of haze 5.Air pollution index

18. Effects of air pollution Immediate and late ill health Bronchitis and death by suffocation Difficult to quantify due to difference in degree of exposure Damages respiratory and CVS Epidemiological studies increase in pollution has lead to increase in morbidity and mortality

19. Social and economic aspect . effects on plant and animal life .corrosion of metals, .damage to buildings .cost of cleaning and maintenance ,

20. Disinfection of air Mechanical ventilation Reduces vitiated air and bacterial density UV radiation operation theatres Infectious disease wards Chemical mist Dust control

21. Prevention and control WHO Guide lines Containment prevention of escape of toxic substances into air by enclosure , ventilation and arrestors Replacement use of natural gas and electricity has replaced smoke producing coal

22. Dilution Green belts settlements of industries away from communities Legislation Height of chimneys,research and education International action