Air pollution sources effects and remediations.ppsx

Air pollution sources effects and remediations

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Gas Concentration, % by volume
Nitrogen 78.1
Oxygen 21.0
Argon 0.9
Carbon dioxide* 3.3 x 10-2
Hydrogen 5 x 10-5
Ozone 1 x 10-6
Methane* 2 x 10-4
The Atmosphere
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5. Air Pollution: Sources,
Effects & Remediation
Fresh air is good if you do not take too much of it; most of the achievements
and pleasures of life are in bad air.
Oliver Wendell Holmes
Definition: contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute
particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations
that endanger health-Air pollution only occurs outdoors
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Criteria Air Pollutants: Air Quality Index
(AQI)

Do we have a way to determine local air quality? AQI/PSI (formerly
Pollutants Std Index)

Assigns numerical rating to air quality of six criteria pollutants
(TSP, SO
2, CO, O
3, NO
2, and TSP*SO
2)
API ValueAir Quality Descriptor
0-50 Good
51-100 Moderate
101-199 Unhealthful
200-299 Very unhealthful
300 Hazardous
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9. Sources of Air Pollution
Natural Sources
(Biogenic sources)

Volcanoes

Coniferous forests

  Forest fires

  Pollens

  Spores

  Dust storms

  Hot springs
Anthropogenic

Fuel combustion - Largest
contributor

  Chemical plants

  Motor vehicles

  Power and heat generators

  Waste disposal sites

  Operation of internal-
combustion engines
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11. Sources of Outside Air
Pollution
Combustion of gasoline and
other hydrocarbon fuels in
cars, trucks, and airplanes
Burning of fossil fuels (oil,
coal, and dinosaur bones)
Insecticides

Herbicides

Everyday radioactive fallouts
Dust from fertilizers
Mining operations

Livestock feedlots
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12. Physical Forms of an Air Pollutant
Gaseous form
o  Sulfur dioxide
o  Ozone
o
  Hydro-carbon vapors 
Particulate form
o  Smoke
o  Dust
o  Fly ash
o  Mists
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13. CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS
Nitrogen dioxide
Ozone and other photochemical oxidants
Particulate matter
Sulfur dioxide
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14. A major form of air pollution is emissions
given off by vehicles.
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15. What’s in smog
particulates (especially lead)

nitrous oxides
potassium
Carbon monoxide
Other toxic chemicals
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16. Sources of Indoor pollution
Efficient insulation
Bacteria
Molds and mildews
Viruses
animal dander and cat saliva
plants
house dust
Mites
Cockroaches
pollen
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17. Effects on the environment
Acid rain

Ozone depletion
Global warming

In human population-
respiratory problems, allergies,
strengthens lugs, and a risk for
cancer
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Comparative Photos Showing Yuschenko Immediately Prior To And
Immediately Following Dioxin Poisoning
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko (Note: this is an
extreme case of dioxin poisoning)
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19. http://www.umac.org/ocp/4/info.html
H
+SO
4
=
NO
3
-
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21. Acid rain
contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric
acids
contaminate drinking water and vegetation
damage aquatic life
erode buildings
Alters the chemical equilibrium of some
soils
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24. Strategies
Air Quality Management Plan
Development of new
technology- electric cars,
cleaner fuels, low nitrogen
oxide boilers and water
healers, zero polluting
paints
Use of natural gas
Carpooling
Follow the laws enacted
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25. Urban Emissions
•There are small emissions of NO
x
from industrial processes
•The main emissions are from combustion.
•There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the
nitrogen oxides arise from the N
2
and O
2
in the air.
•Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels.
•Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic
diameter.
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27. Role of Engines and Fuel
Different engines and fuel combinations
give out different emissions in different
quantities.
Some engines have catalysts which
effectively remove part of the harmful
gases.
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28. Catalytic Converters and
Particle Traps
Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce
NOx emissions.
CO + HC + NOx H
2O + N
2 + CO
2
Platinum Honeycomb
Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx,
but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel
the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content.
The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is
diesel.
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30. STRATEGIE
The Clean Air approach:
Based on scientific knowledge Using best
available, quality-controlled real-world
data With close involvement of
stakeholders:
1.Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full
implementation
2.Explore scope and costs for further measures
3.Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios
4.Estimate benefits of policy scenarios
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31. Main pollutants used in the CAFE
assessment
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32. Particulate Matter (PM ) Pollution
- Traffic emissions including diesel engines
- Small combustion sources burnng coal and
wood
- Reductions of SO
2, N0
x, NH
3 and VOC
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33. Ground level ozone
- VOC control to reduce ozone in cities
- N0
x
reduction from traffic
- Control of N0
x
emissions from ships
- Methane reduction
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35. Ozone Formed
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37. Climate Problems/Global
Change/Air Pollution 21st Century
Greenhouse gases: global warming
(CO
2, CFCs, NO
x, CH
4, H
20)
Air pollution: NO
x, SO
2, haze,
aerosols, O
3, heavy metals (Hg, Pb,
Cd), organic compounds
Ozone depletion: O
3
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38.  
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45. Industrial Pollution Control System
Solution of the Pollution is Dilution
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46. Particulate Matter
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Pollutant
Particulate Matter (PM
10
)
Particulate Matter (PM
2.5
)

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Two possible fates
Factors affecting fate
Aerodynamic properties
Physiological behavior
Methods of Deposition
Impaction*
Interception*
Diffusion*
Electrostatic Attraction
Gravitational Settling

50. INCINERATOR
organic compounds from process
industries are destroyed at high
temperature (590 and 650oC &
1800 to 2200oF for most hazardous
waste)
Oxidizing organic compounds
containing sulfur or halogens
produce unwanted pollutants such
as sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid,
hydrofluoric acid, or phosgene
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SRCUBBERS

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Control Techniques
Gravity settling chamber
 Mechanical collectors
 Particulate wet scrubbers
 Electrostatic precipitators
 Fabric filters

54. Fabric Filter
High collection Efficiency over a broad
range of particles sizes
Application: Cement kiln, Foundries,
Steel furnaces and Grain handling
plants
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57. GRAVITY SETTLING
CHAMBERS
The removal of larger-
sized particles, e.g., 40–
60µm in diameter
Velocities (in the range of
1–10 ft/s)
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65. CYCLONES
Large diameter cyclones have good
collection efficiencies for particle 40-
50µm dia
<23 cm diameter cyclones have good
collection efficiencies for particle 15-
20µm dia
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Device Min.
Particle
size µm
Efficiency %
(mass basis)
Advantage Disadvantages
Gravitational
settler
>50 <50 •Low pressure loss,
•Simplicity of design
•maintenance
•Much space required
•Low collection efficiency
Centrifugal
collector
5-25 50-90 •Simplicity of design and
maintenance
•Little floor space
required
•Dry continuous disposal
of collected dusts
•Low to moderate
pressure loss
•Handles high dust
loadings
•Temperature
independent
•Much head room required
•Low collection efficiency for
small particles
•Sensitive to variables dust
loading and flow rates

76. ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
Extremely efficient for wide
range of particle sizes; even
submicron size
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86. Wind Rose
how wind speed and direction are
typically distributed at a particular
location
The directions of the rose with the
longest spoke show the wind direction
with the greatest frequency
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89. Applications
Urban Planning

Siting of industrial locations including chimney & other air polluting source
Industrial zoning & industrial estate planning
Air pollution modeling.

Disaster Management
Street layout

Ventilation of urban, industrial and housing

Environmental Impact Assessment study.
Oceanography

Wind Energy

Agriculture Engineering
Ambient Air Monitoring
 Noise Impact Modeling
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92. Parameters Affecting
Dispersion
wind speed
As the wind speed increases, the plume becomes longer and narrower; the
substance is carried downwind faster but is diluted faster by a larger
quantity of air.
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94. ground conditions
Ground conditions affect the mechanical mixing at the surface and the
wind profile with height.
Trees and buildings increase mixing, whereas lakes and open areas
decrease it.
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95. height of the release above ground level
The release height significantly affects ground-level
concentrations. As the release height increases, ground-level
concentrations are reduced because the plume must disperse a
greater distance vertically.
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96. momentum and buoyancy of
the initial material released
The buoyancy and momentum of the
material released change the effective
height of the release.
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Smokestack plume demonstrating initial buoyant rise of hot
gases
Gases cool as they Neutral
mix and dilute with COOl air . Neutral Buoyancy
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99. Calculation of effective stack height
Using following data
a)Physical stack is 203 m tall with 1.07m diameter
b)Wind velocity is 3.56 m/s
c)Air temperature is 13 oC
d)Barometric pressure is 1000 millibars
e)Stack gas velocity is 9.14 m/s
f)Stack gas temperature is 149oC.
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100. Atmospheric stability
Atmospheric stability relates to vertical mixing of the air.
During the day, the air temperature decreases rapidly with
height, encouraging vertical motions. At night the
temperature decrease is less, resulting in less vertical
motion.
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Atmospheric stability …
Dry adiabatic lapse rate (stable, neutral atmosphere)
m 100C1 -
dZ
dT


dA
P + dP
dZ
P
Natural balance between
hydrostatic head,  g dA
dZ, and pressure forces

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104. Dry adiabatic lapse rate (dry adiabat, DALR or unsaturated lapse
rate): lapse rate of unsaturated air (i.e., air with a relative
humidity of less than 100%)
Wet adiabatic lapse rate (wet adiabat, saturated lapse rate, SALR,
moist adiabatic lapse rate or MALR) : the air parcel is saturated
and, because of the release of the heat of vaporization, the rate
of cooling will decrease to what is known as the wet adiabatic
lapse rate.
Environmental lapse rate (ELR, prevailing lapse rate or ambient
lapse rate) : The actual real-world profile of temperature versus
altitude that exists at any given time and in any given
geographical location is called the environmental lapse rate
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107. the atmospheric stability can be characterized by these four categories

A very stable atmosphere is one that has very little, if any, vertical motion of
the air.

A stable atmosphere is one that discourages vertical motion but does have
some motion of the air.
An unstable atmosphere is one that encourages continual vertical motion of
the air, upwards or downwards.
A neutral atmosphere is one that neither discourages nor encourages vertical
motion of the air and is often referred to as conditionally stable.
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Lapse Rate Effect
ELR > 0
1
the atmospheric temperature increases with
altitude. There is essentially no vertical
turbulence and the atmosphere is said to be
very stable or extremely stable.
ELR> – 5.5 K/km
2
some small amount of vertical turbulence and
the atmosphere is said to be stable. It is also
referred to as being sub-adiabatic.
MALR> ELR> DALR
3
the atmosphere is said to be neutral. *U.S.
Standard Atmosphere of – 6.5 K/km in most
cases
ELR < DALR
4
there turbulence in the atmosphere and it is
said to be unstable. It is also referred to as
being super-adiabatic.
ELR= 0 the atmosphere would be in an isothermal
condition (no change of temperature with
altitude) and would be also be said to be very
stable.

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110. Super-adiabatic lapse rate:
Temperature
Height
Height
Height
Temperature
Height
Height
Height
100
0
20 21 22
100
0
20 21 22
Inversion
Isothermal
100
0
20 21 22
Neutral
100
0
20 21 22
Subadiabatic
100
0
20 21 22
Dry Adiabatic
Lapse Rate
Superadiabatic
(A) (B)
Fumigation
Temperature Trapping
Lofting
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
Fanning
Coning
Looping
Temperature
Height
Height
Height
Temperature
Height
Height
Height
100
0
20 21 22
100
0
20 21 22
Inversion
Isothermal
100
0
20 21 22
Neutral
100
0
20 21 22
Subadiabatic
100
0
20 21 22
Dry Adiabatic
Lapse Rate
Superadiabatic
(A) (B)
Fumigation
Temperature Trapping
Lofting
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
Fanning
Coning
Looping
A “buoyant” atmosphere
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111. Sub-adiabatic lapse rate:
Temperature
Height
Height
Height
Temperature
Height
Height
Height
100
0
20 21 22
100
0
20 21 22
Inversion
Isothermal
100
0
20 21 22
Neutral
100
0
20 21 22
Subadiabatic
100
0
20 21 22
Dry Adiabatic
Lapse Rate
Superadiabatic
(A) (B)
Fumigation
Temperature Trapping
Lofting
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
Fanning
Coning
Looping
Temperature
Height
Height
Height
Temperature
Height
Height
Height
100
0
20 21 22
100
0
20 21 22
Inversion
Isothermal
100
0
20 21 22
Neutral
100
0
20 21 22
Subadiabatic
100
0
20 21 22
Dry Adiabatic
Lapse Rate
Superadiabatic
(A) (B)
Fumigation
Temperature Trapping
Lofting
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
Fanning
Coning
Looping
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123. atmosphere’s dispersive capability = maximum mixing depth*the
average wind speed. This product is known as the ventilation
coefficient (m2/s) . Values of ventilation coefficient less than about
6000 m2/s are considered indicative of high air pollution potential
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0.1 1 10 100
10
100
1000
10000
A
B
C
D
E
F
Downwind distance, km

y
,

m
0.1 1 10 100
1
10
100
1000
A
B
C
D
E
F
Downwind distance, km

z
,

m
A= Extremely unstable; B-moderately unstable; C-Slightly unstable;
D-Neutral; E-Slightly stable; F- Moderately stable

129. Pasquill Stability classes A - F
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A= Extremely unstable; B-moderately unstable; C-Slightly unstable;

D-Neutral; E-Slightly stable; F- Moderately stable

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
















2
zyz
0 x,
σ
H
2
1
exp
σσu π
Q
C
Plume centre line Concentration
Effective stack height is zero
yz
0 x,
σ σu π
Q
C


































2
y
2
zyz
yx,
σ
y
2
1
exp
σ
H
2
1
exp
σ σu π
Q
C
Gaussian concentration distribution
2
H
z
Location Maximum concentration
131

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The maximum ground level concentration along the x
axis can be calculated









y
z
2
r
max
σ
σ
Hu πe
2Q
C

133. Determining Max.
ground level
concentration:
A power plant burns 5.45 tonnes of coal/hr
and discharges the combustion
products through a stack that has an
effective height of 75 m. The coal has
sulfur content of 4.2 %, and the wind
velocity at the top of the stack is 6 m/s.
The atm conditions are moderately to
slightly stable.
Determine
Max. ground level concentration of
SO2 and the distance from the stack at
which the maximum occurs
Determine the ground-level
concentrations at a distance of 3 km
downwind at the centre line of the
plume and at a crosswind distance of
0.4 km on either side of the centerline.
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