algae general features Habit and habitat

algae general features K R.ppt

1. Algae
•Definition:
Smith –simple plants with
autotrophic mode of
nutrition.
Sharma-defines algae as
an assemblage of
chlorophyll bearing
autotrophic thallophytes
bounded by a cell wall
made up of pure or mixed
carbohydrates.
K R MICRO NOTES 1

2. Habit and Habitat
•Aquatic algae:1. Fresh water form
Chlamydomonas
Volvox Hydrodiction
Cladophora
Oedogonium
Ulothrix
K R MICRO NOTES 2

3. Habit and Habitat
•Marine forms
Porphyra
Polysiphonia
Batrachospermum
Sargassum
Ulva
Laminaria
Fucus
K R MICRO NOTES 3

4. Habit and Habitat
•Terrestrial-moist soil surface
Fritschiella Botrydium
Oedocladium
K R MICRO NOTES 4

5. Habit and habitat
•Aerophytes: aerial mode-tree barks, moist
walls flower pots rocks
Hapalosiphon
Trentepohlia
K R MICRO NOTES 5

6. Habit and Habitat
•Cryophytes-found on mountain peaks
covered with snow
1.Haematococcus nivalis-red colour to arctic and Alpine
2. Chlamydomonas yellowstonensis
Haematococcus nivalis Red algae on snow
K R MICRO NOTES 6

7. Habit and Habitat
•Thermophytes: hot springs-85
0
c
Examples: Oscillatoria brevis,
Synechococcus elongatus, Haplosiphon
lignosum
K R MICRO NOTES 7

8. Algae on unusual habitats
•Halophytic-saline water (
Dunaliella,
Chlamydomonas
crebergii)
•Lithophytic algae-moist
rocks (Nostoc,
Ectocarpus,
Polysiphonia)
•Epiphytic-on other
aquatic plants
•(Oedogonium,
Bulbochaete,
Batrochospermum)
•Symbiotic algae-Nostoc,
Anabaena, Chlorella
K R MICRO NOTES 8

9. •Ephizoic-on shells of
molluses, turtle and fins
of fishes ( Cladophora,
Basicladia)
•Endozoic algae-found
inside the body of aquatic
animals (Ex-Zoochlorella
inside Hydra viridis)
•Parasitic algae-
Cephaleuros virescens–
red rust of tea
red rust of tea
Hydra viridis
K R MICRO NOTES 9

10. Thallus organisation
•Unicells -Motile (Chlamydomonas)
Non motile (Chlorella)
Chlamydomonas
Chlorella
K R MICRO NOTES 10

11. Thallus organization
•Colonial
Volvox
Hydrodiction Pediastrum
K R MICRO NOTES 11

12. •Filamentous-
Ulothrix
Spirogyra
Zygnema
Oedogonium
K R MICRO NOTES 12

13. •Marine algae
Sargassum
Laminaria
Marcocystis
Postelsia
K R MICRO NOTES 13

14. Structure of Algal cell
K R MICRO NOTES 14

15. Algal pigments
•Chlorophyta -Chlorophyll a, b, Beta carotene and
xanthophylls
•Charophyta -Chlorophyll a, b, lycopene and
xanthophylls
•Euglenophyta -Chlorophyll a, b, B-carotene,
xanthophylls, antheraxanthin
•Bacillariophyta -Chlorophyll a, c, B-carotene
xanthophylls( Fucoxanthin)
•Phaeophyta -Chlorophyll a,c, B-carotene, xanthophylls
(fucoxanthin)
•Rhodophyta -Chlorophyll a,d, r-phycoerythin, r-
phycocynin, carotene, xanthophylls (lutein and
taraxanthin)
•Cyanophyta -Chlorophyll a, c-phycocyanin , c-
phycoerthrin, b-Carotene, myxoxanthin and
myxoxanthophylls.
K R MICRO NOTES 15

16. Algal flagella
•Blue-Green algae and
Red algae-lacks flagella
•Green algae-whiplash
type –bi, quadri or
heterochont flagellation
•Xanthophyceae-bi-long
tinsel and short whiplash
•Bacillariophycea-
anterior single tinsel type
•Phaeophyceae-lateral,
bi, tinsel and whiplash
type
K R MICRO NOTES 16

17. Nutrition
•Photosynthesis
K R MICRO NOTES 17

18. Reserve food materials
•Chlorophyta-Starch
•Charophyta-Starch
•Eugleonphyta-Paramylum, fats
•Xanthophyta-Oil fat, Leucosin
•Bacillariophyta-Fats, Leucosin
•Phaeophyta-Laminarin, mannitol
•Rhodophyta-Floridean starch
•Cyanophyta-Myxophycean starch and
Cyanophycean starch.
K R MICRO NOTES 18

19. Reproduction
•Vegetative
reproduction
1.Cell division
2.Fragmentation
3.Hormogones
formation
4.Tubers
5.Bulbils
6.Amylum stars
K R MICRO NOTES 19

20. Vegetative reproduction
•Bulbil formation-
Tuber like structure
•Stem bulbil
•Root bulbil
•Amorphous bulbil
•Amylum star-star
shaped aggregation
of cells developed on
the lower nodes on
the main axis
K R MICRO NOTES 20

21. Asexual reproduction
Sporulation
a.Zoospores
b.Aplanospores
Clamydomonas
Ulothrix
Oedogonium Ectocarpus
K R MICRO NOTES 21

22. Asexual reproduction
1.Aplanospores-
a. Autospores-Eg. Chlorella
-Hypnospores
-Auxospores-Diatoms
Statospores-thick walled
spores in Diatoms
Nuetral spores-vegetative
cells-Ectocarpus
Carpospores-Polysiphonia
Harmospores-BGA
Tetraspores-Polysiphonia
K R MICRO NOTES 22

23. Reproduction in algae
Carpospores in polysiphonia Tetraspores in polysiphoniaK R MICRO NOTES 23

24. Asexulal reproduction in algae
•Chlamydospores
•Akinetes
Heterocyst and
akinetes in BGA
K R MICRO NOTES 24

25. Sexual reproduction in algae
•Isogamy
•Anisogamy
•Oogamy
•Sexual
reproduction
absent in
cyanophyceae.
Isogamy in Clamydomonas
Globule and Nucules in CharaK R MICRO NOTES 25

26. Conceptacles in Sargassum-
Brown Algae
Carpagonium in Polysiponia-Red Algae
K R MICRO NOTES 26

27. G.H Smith(1955) classification of Algae
•
Sl.
No.
Division Classes Examples
01 Chlorophyta Chlorophyceae
Charophyceae
Volvox
Chara
02 Euglenophyta Euglenophyceae Euglena
03 Pyrrophyta Desmophyceae
Dinophyceae
Desmarestia
Dinophysis
04 Chrysophyta Chrysophyceae(GBA)
Xanthophyceae (YGA)
Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms)
Chromulina
Botrydium
Pinnularia
05 Phaeophyceae
(Brown Algae)
Isogeneratae
Heterogeneratae
Cyclosporae
Ectocarpus
Myrionema
Sargassum
06 Cyanophyta
Blue GreenAlgae
Myxophyceae Nostoc, Anabaena
07 Rhodophyta Rhodophyceae Polysiophonia
BatrachospermumK R MICRO NOTES 27

28. Division Green
pigments
Other
Pigments
Stored
food
Cell wall No. of
flagella
sexuality
Chlorophyta Chlo-a,bBeta-carotene
Xanthophylls
Starch Cellulose
Pectin
Hemicellulose
2/4 Iso to
Oogamy
Euglenophyta ,, ,, and
antheraxanthis
Paramylum
and fats
absent 1 Rare
(isogamy)
Phyrrophyta a, c Carotene and
Xanthophylls
Starch/oil Cellulose absent Iso to
oogamy
Chrysophyta a,c,e ,, Leucosin
fats
Cellulose, pectin1 / 2
Whiplash/tinse
l
Iso to
oogamy
Phaeophyta a, c Carotene and
fucoxanthin
Laminarin,
mannitol
Celllulose,
Alginic acid
Fuccocinic acid
2 equal
Lateral
whiplash
And tinsel
Isogamy
To oogamy
Rhodophyta a,d r-phycoerythrin,
r-phycocynin,
Carotene and
xanthophylls
Floridean
starch
Cellulose, pectin
with polysulphate
ester
absent oogamous
Cyanophyta a C-phycocynin
C-phycoerythrin
Carotene
Myxoxanthin
Myxo xanthophylls
Cyanophyce
an starch
Pectin,
hemicellulose,
mucopeptide
absent absent
K R MICRO NOTES 28