Alkaloids by pooja sem-6 pharmacy

it contains all herbal drugs containing alkaloids

1. Alkaloids Pooja H. Khanpara Asst. professor Pharmacognosy Aksharpreet College of Pharmacy, Lakhabaval, Jamnagar

2. Definition The term “alkaloid” (alkali-like) is commonly used to designate basic heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds of plant origin that are physiologically active . Derived from amino acids. DEVIATION FROM DEFINITION: Basicity : Some alkaloids are not basic e.g. Colchicine , Piperine , Quaternary alkaloids. Nitrogen: The nitrogen in some alkaloids is not in a heterocyclic ring e.g. Ephedrine, Colchicine , Mescaline. Plant Origin: Some alkaloids are derived from Bacteria, Fungi, Insects, Frogs, Animals . Biosynthesis: Some alkaloids are not derived from amino acids e.g purine , steroidal alkaloid .

3. History

4. NAMING OF ALKALOIDS Numerous methods can be used to name alkaloids 1 -Generic plant name –atropine from Atropa belladonna 2 -Specific name of the plant –cocaine from Erythroxylum coca . 3 -Common name of the herb –ergotamine from ergot (rye) 4 -Physiological action of the plant –emetine producing emesis 5 -Other –e.g. morphine derived from ancient Greek mythology –Morpheus –god of dreams

5. IV- Isomerization Optically active isomers may show different physiological activities. l -ephedrine is 3.5 times more active than d -ephedrine. l -ergotamine is 3-4 times more active than d -ergotamine. d - Tubocurarine is more active than the corresponding l - form. Quinine ( l -form) is antimalarial and its d - isomer quinidine is antiarrythmic . The racemic ( optically inactive) dl -atropine is physiologically active.

6. 1. Stass otto method

7. 2. Manske’s method

8. Fractional crystallization

9. Pyridine - Piperidine 1. Tobacco

10. Chemical Test: 1) Aq. extract of tobacco treated with cyanogen-bromide give orange color 2) Nicotine sulphate obtained as hexagonal tablets and soluble in water and ethanol. 3) Nicotine HCl & Nicotine 2HCl obtained as deliquescence crystals.

11. Other Species: Nicotiana glauca (Tree tobacco), Nicotiana rustica & Nicotiana glutinosa USE : it is toxic (40mg) , stimulation leading to depression & then paralysis. As insectiside in agriculture(40 %sol. of nicotine sulphate).

12. 2. LOBELIA Syn : Indian tobacco, Asthma weed, Emetic herb B.S.: Consists of dried leaves and tops of Lobelia inflata Linné Fam. Campanulaceae G.S.: Eastern & Central U.S., Canada, Holland, North America. Macroscopy : Color: stem is green with purplish ting Odour : none Taste: extremely acrid, unplesent & irritating Size : total plant abt. 2-3 mtr .

13. Cultivation & collection: It is an annual herb abt 30 to 50 cm high. Latex vessels are present in phloem stem. Drug is obtained from both cultivated and wild plant. For cultivation seeds are sawn in rich, moist, loamy soil usually in autumn. Sometime march and april also. After sawing seed cover with soil and pressure is applied on them by placing wooden plank end on them. Collection in Auguest & september . Aerial part are collec.ted & dried in shade to minimum green color. Limit of stems is kept up to 60%.

14. Chemical Constituents: Contains 14 alkaloids which LOBELINE is the major and most important. It has a pungent, volatile oil, resin, lipids, and gum. This occurs as colorless crystals which are slightly soluble in water but readily soluble in hot alcohol. Lobelanine Lobelanidine

15. Uses: In tmt . of asthma, respiratory stimulant. Powder is used as inhalation.Anti -smoking preparations Lobeline sulfate incorporated in tablets or lozenges are smoking deterrents. Lobeline had placebo effect on decreasing the physical craving for cigarettes. Chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma. Injection of lobeline hydrochloride is used in the resuscitation of newborn infants (asphyxia) Chemical test: 1. lobeline sol. + H2SO4 = red color with formaldehyde. 2. on boiling it form acetophenone which recognised by smell.

16. 3. Pipper: α & β pinene , Phellandrene Allied drug: Cubebs or tailed pepper

17. Morphology: Shape: round or globular Size: 3-6mm in dimeter Color: greyish brown or black on outersurface , which is highly reticulated. Apex & base are easily distinguishable as apex shows remains of stigmas & base shows scare points attachment to axis. Taste: Strong Pungent , Odour: Aromatic Cultivation & collection: 20-30 sessile flower develop sessile fruits . Fruits are collected when their lower part turns red. They are dried in open & artificial heat. White pepper is prepare from black pepper by soaking in water removing outer layer of black one then removing it by rubbing.then washed & dried.

18. 3A. Long Piper:

19. 4. Areca Syn.: Areca nut or Betel Nut , Pinag , Supari B.S. : A dried, ripe seed of Areca catechu Fam ily: Palmae G.S. : Philippines, India, East Africa, Sri Lanka, Malasiya, Pinlang, Bangladesh Areca - a Spanish and Portuguese term for betel nut Catechu - East Indian name for an astringent extract or juice Areca mixed with lime, the leaves of Piper bette Linné and occasionally Gambier is known as “PUNSUPARI” . This mixture is used as a stimulant masticator . Consists of 0.45% alkaloids, 15% tannins, lipids, volatile oils and gum.

20. Morphology: Size & shape: Tall palm tree which bears fruit of nut type, each contain single seed, thin seedcoat & large endosperm. Color: testa brown Taste: astringent Chemical Constituent: These are reduced pyridine derivatives. Arecoline ( arecaidine methyl ester) Arecaidine (N-methyl guvacine ) Guvacine ( Tetrahydronicotinic acid) Guvacoline ( Guvacine methyl ester) Uses: Psychoactive drug used as parasympathomimetic It contain sialogogue so used as masticatory . Anthelmintic drug used as vermicide & Taenifuge in veterinary practice.

21. Indian ginseng

22. G.S.: South europe , india , africa , ajmer , manasa in M.P. Cultivation & Collection : Sandy loam soil, light red soil having PH 7.5 – 8 with good drainage. It is perennial, branched, erect ( verticle ), under shrub. Roots develop within 1-2 late winter rains received. Seed propagation by broadcasting method during 2 week of july . They are sawn in nursery, lightly covered with soil & germinating about 6-7 days after sowing. When become 6 week old it transplant in open field in 60 cm wide. Area Harvesting start from January to till march. Roots are cut in to small pieces of 7-10 cm to facilitate drying.

23. Withhasomine , Anaferine , Anhygrine , Hyggrine , Withanolide , isopellatierine .

24. Cocca

25. Morphology morphology Bolivian peruvian General appearance entire More or less broken Size 4 – 8 cm long 2-5 cm long Shape Oval Elliptical Margine entire Entire Apex acute Acute Base tapering Tapering Surface Glabrous, slight glossy Glabrous, not glossy Color Brownish green Pale green Odour faint Faint taste bitter Bitter texture Thin, firm (hard) Thin, fragile (weak) venetion Prominent on lower side, midrib progecting slightly. 2 prominent ridges present Similar but ridges not available

26. Cultivation & Collection Planting by seed in rich, light & well drained soil at altitude 1500 – 6000 ft. 2 nd year collect leaves in dry weather., usually 3 times in a year, dried in shade.

27. G.S.: central & south europe , england , germany , america , india ( kulu , kashmir , simla ) Atropa acuminata ( indian )

28. Cultivation & collection: Seed sawn in nursary , then seedling transplanted in deep well drained, moist, calcareous soil & loamy soil in April. Weeding & fertilizing are needed. Leaves Collected in dry summer weather next 4 ft. hight , flowring 15 th june to 15 th july . From 2 nd cut plants harvesting are done in August & september and sometime in october . Root are dug out at 4 th year Drug dried at 40 – 60 °C in dark sheds.

29. Scopolia Synonym: Europian Scopolia , Russian Belladona B.S.: it consist dried root & rhizomes of Scopolia japonica Family: Solanaceae G.S.: india , england C.C: hyoscyamine , Scopolamine, Atroscine Morphology: ovate, smooth leaves, pale green Use: sedetive , arthritic pain, mydriatic

30. Scopolamine It has a depressant activity on the CNS. It is used to treat motion sickness. It is employed for preanesthetic sedation and for obstetric amnesia in conjunction with analgesics and to calm delirium. Scopolamine or hyoscine An alkaloid abundant in Datura fastuosa var. alba and in D. Metel . It is an ester that, upon hydrolysis, yields tropic acid and scopoline . It occurs as an almost colorless , syrupy liquid from its chloroformic solution and colorless crystals from its ether solution.

31. Scopolamine hydrobromide or hyoscine hydrobromide It occurs as colorless or white crystals or as a white, granular powder that is odourless and slightly efflorescent in dry air. It is extremely poisonous. It is classified as anticholinergic . It is employed for preanesthetic sedation and for obstetric amnesia in conjunction with analgesics and to calm delirium. It is administered SC or IM in a single dose.

32. Quinoline & Isoquinoline

33. Tetrahydroxy-iso-quinoline monoterpenoid Johore Ipecac, Ipecac Rio Cephelis acuminata (panama)

34. Isoquinoline Alkaloid Afim , Afin G.S.: turkey, Yugoslavia( macedonia ), india , pakistan , Iran, china, thiland , pakistan

35. Camptotheca Syn : Cancer tree B.S.: it is dried stem wood of Camptotheca acuminata Decane Family: Nyssaceae G.S.: Southern china, tibet Cultivation & collection: It is a desiduous tree, sawing seed, shading is require for increasing alkaloidal content(leaves & root). Fruits are collected late in autumn, others collected in year. All part dried in sunlight.

36. morphology Color: leaves are dark green with reddish ppetiole , flower are red Odour: charecteristic Taste: bitter Size: 8-10 cm in length & 3-5 cm in width Shape: leaves are entire, acuminate, ovate & lanceolate Chemical Constituent: Camptothecine Use: Antitumer agent

37. Indole alkaloid

38. Physostigma Syn : Calabar bean, Ordeal bean B.S.: it consist dried ripe seeds of Physostigma venenosum . Family: Leguminoceae G.S.: West Africa, gulf of gunea Macroscopy : Shape: seed are flarrened , kideny Size: 2-3 cm long and 1 to 1.5 cm wide, 1.5 cm thick Color : Dark brown C & C: Physostigmin ( eserine ), eseroline , isophysostigmine , physovenine , geneserine , calabacine , calabatine .

39. Use: Cholinesterase inhibitors Physostigmine salicylate is used for contracting the pupil eye In glucoma

40. Imidazole alkaloid

41. Steroidal alkaloid

42. Veratrum It contain 2 group of alkaloid jeveratrum & ceveratrum . 1) veretrum viride Syn : American or green hellebore B.S.: it consist of dried rizome & roots of veretrum viride Aiton . Family: Lilliaceae G.S.: New York, North carolina , Georgia, Tennessee.,canada Macroscopy : Color: brown Odour: Unplesent Taste: Acrid Size: rhizomes 5-8 cm in length 2-3.5 cm wide. Shape: Sub-cylindrical with numerous yellowish brown spot.

43. Use: 1) it lowers Blood pressure & decreases heart rate. 2) it is used I hypertension(mainly in pregnancy, as liquid extract or tincture. 2) Veratrum Album Syn : White hellebore, European hellebore B.S.: Dried rhizome of veratrum album Linn. Family: Liliaceae G.S.: native central & southern Europe, China & Japan. it is deciduous herb, flowering in June-July bears white flowers. Stem is hairy 50-125cm in height.

44. Macroscopical characteristic : Color: Brown Odour: Unpleasant characteristic Taste: Burning, acrid & bitterish Size: 5-15 cm in length & 2-3 cm in diameter Shape: Tuberous, fleshy with number of long white fibres at end of the roots. Chemical Constituent: Mainly veratrine , germidine , protoveratrine , cevadine , pseudojervijne , veratrosine . Use: in preeclampsia & eclampsia Substitutes: Cevadilla seeds

45. Kantakari Syn : Kateli , duhusparsh , Nidhigandhika , yellow-berried nightshade, Indian Solannum B.S. : it is obtained from plant of Solanum xanthocarpum Family: Solanaceae Macroscopy : Size: 1.5 cm prickles, Color: flower-purple, leaves- green, spines- light yellow Shape: leaves- egg shaped, shiny prickles, hairy, round fruit. Smooth seed

46. Chemical Constituent: Carpesteral, 1.3% solanocarpine, solanine, solanidine. Use: Fruit as antianthelminitic & for indigestion. Root as expectorant & diuretic. In tmt of cough, asthma, chest pain. Also used in flatulence, sour thought, toothache & constipation. Adultrants & substituents : Clepodendrum seeratum ( Bharangi )

47. Alkaloidal Amine

48. Diterpene alkaloid 1) Aconite: Syn : Monkshood, Friar cowl, Mouse-bane, Aconite root, Radix aconiti . B.S.: it consist of the dried root of Aconitum nepellus Linn. Family: Ranunculaceae G.S.: Europe, Alps, Carpathian, hills of Germany & Himalaya, Spain Macroscopy : It is varies from species to species. Shape: Conical & tapering below Surface: slightly twisted bearing longitudinal reading, some aconite contain fibrous rootlets or their scars.

49. Color: dark brown Size: root – 4-10 cm in length & 1-3 cm in diameter at crown. Odour: Slight characteristic Taste: sweet first then produce numbness

50. Chemical Constituent: Aconitine , hypaconitine , sconine , napelline , neoline , acotinic acid Uses: Tincture as antipyretic in small doses Local analgesic to treat neuralgia, rheumatism & inflammation. 2-3mg can lead respiratory failure, heart failure and end of the death. Commercial Verities: Japanese Aconite: Aconitum Japonicum , roots are shorter, gray or dark brown in color, its contain cardiotonic properties. Chinese Aconite: A.carmichaelii , A. cusnezofii & A. brachypodum . Indian Aconite: A. chasmanthum . 2.5-4.5 cm long. It contain indaconitine . Others are A. deinorrhizum & A. balfourii , A.spicatum & A.Lciniatum

51. Taxus Syn : Pacific yew, western yew, American yew, Oregon yew, bow plant, mountain mahogany B.S.: it contain fruit of the tree of Taxus brevifolia Family: Taxaceae G.S.: western north america , south alaska to north california ,& pacific coast to Idaho, Montana, fransisco Macroscopy : evergreen, Height: 6-10 mtr . Dia.- 15-30 cm, 1.4 m also 25 m height( Washington) Male tree: yellow flower Female tree: seed enclosed in pulpy, red sweet, trunk is tapered & fluted, covered by scaly, reddish-brown to purple-brown bark

52. C & C: terpenoids , n- alkanes , myrtenol , 3-hexenol, tricosane Use: anticancer Comercial varities : T. canadensis T.baccata T. floridana

53. Tylophora B.S.: leaves & root of Itylpphora indica SYN: Antmul , antomul , Kharki-raena , pitakari , antamul Family: Ascalepidaceae G.S.: all over india Macroscopy : Leaves: 5-10 cm long ovate, oblong, acute, acuminate base cordate Flower: yellow, purple witin Fruit: Folicle , I pairs, ridged, 7.5-10 cm long, tapering the fine point at apex Roots: Fleshy, long Latex: white

54. C & C: Tyloindicine – A,B,C,D,E,F Chemical Test: Mayer’s, Dragendroff’s , Hager’s, Wagner’s tests Use: Hepatoprotective, Anti-allergic, Diuretic, Anticancer, Anti- asthamatic , cardiac activity, Imunomodulatory activity