All_India_Muslim_League_1857_1930- .pptx

ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE

1. ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE ( aiml ) Founded in 1906 1

2. PAST YEARS QUESTIONS Account for the emergence of All-India Muslim League in 1906 and assess its importance in Indian Politics between 1906 and 1913. (2004) 2

3. BACKGROUND Congress (dominated by Hindus) failed to gain confidence of Muslims / minorities Acid test of Sir Syed’s apprehensions - Congress announcement of “ Sowdeshy Movement” – against Partition of Bengal (1905) Fissures among the Indian society were deep rooted – religion, tradition and culture, norms and values, etc. – one platform was not possible 3

4. FACTORS FOR FORMATION OF AIML 4

5. Separate identity of Muslims Conflicting interests B/W Hindus and Muslims – Congress couldn’t safeguard Muslim interests Sir Syed’s apprehensions / contentions proved by the events and circumstances Sir Syed’s opposition to joint electorates (demand for separate electorates) was the first seed to culminate in the formation of AIML Indian Councils Act, 1892, system of electorate proved futile for Muslims – no Muslim candidate could obtain any seat up to 1906 5

6. Congress Attitude Muslims Safeguarded Hindu interests – no consideration for justifiable rights of Muslims / other communities Congress Opposed Partition of Bengal (1905) The partition by the British was on administrative grounds – not a Muslim demand intense reaction of Congress / Hindus an eye opener for Muslims Congress announced “ Sowdeshi Movement” –serious Hindu – Muslim riots Therefore, a separate political organization for Muslims was found necessary & formed 6

7. candid attitude of Lord Minto Simla Deputation (1905) – Muslim leaders Lord Minto was positive – encouraged Muslims to concentrate their energies on separate electorates Hindu historians argue that ML was created on official instigation to break Congress dominance & weaken Indian freedom movement. However, no evidence provided to substantiate the claim. 7

8. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF AIML 8

9. PHASE-I: LOYALTY / RIGHTS Protect political rights of Muslims in India Foster loyalty to the British and to remove misunderstandings with the government Cooperation with other communities without prejudice to above goals Secure supremacy of Urdu language 9

10. PHASE-II: SELF GOVT. / UNITY System of self government under British Government New constitution passed on 23-03-1909 ( Minto Morley Reforms) Good relations with other communities to work for similar goals Hindu-Muslim Unity leading to Lucknow Pact – Khilafat Movement 10

11. PHASE-III: INDEPENDENCE STRUGGLE 1939 onwards Struggle for free / independent state 11

12. ACHIEVEMENTS OF AIML 12

13. ACHIEVEMENTS - I A separate political platform for Muslims   Political leadership [Jinnah – Member of Viceroy’s Executive Council & Indian Council Ministers – Ahmedul Mulk & S. Hassan Bilgarami ] Filled up the vacuum of Sir Syed Ahmed Separate electorates through Minto -Morley Reforms (1909) 13

14. ACHIEVEMENTS - II Appointment of Muslim judges in High / Supreme Courts – a Muslim demand accepted [Calcutta – SHARIFUDDIN; Allahabad KARAMAT HUSSAIN; Punjab - SHAH DIN] Approval of Trust Bill [Trust a social entity – works for social benefits. Many Trusts in India denied benefits to Muslims – the Act extended benefits to Muslims Creation of Pakistan 14

15. MINTO-MORLEY REFORMS 1909 INDIAN COUNCILS ACT, 1909 15

16. PAST YEARS QUESTIONS Minto-Morely Reform was a “tool of change” in the political system of India. Discuss it with special reference to the demands of Simla Deputation. (2007) 16

17. INTRODUCTION Tension between Congress and AIML after Partition of Bengal (1905)  Muslims demanded ‘Separate Electorate’ during Simla Deputation (16-10-1906) prior to creation of Muslim League AIML intensified efforts for the said demand and convinced British who brought reforms in the shape of Indian Councils Act 1909 Approved by British Parliament & enforced on 23-03-1909, the Act further reformed legislative councils 17

18. SALIENT FEATURES-I Muslims’ demand of ‘Separate Electorate’ accepted – transformed nature of politics in India (national to communal) Modus operandi for elections – partly direct elections and partly indirect nominations Small non official majority allowed at Provincial level while official majority retained at Centre 18

19. SALIENT FEATURES-II Members of Legislative Councils could: Raise questions relating to administration and policy; and Discuss budget item wise Provincial Councils expanded W & E Bengal, UP and Madras = 50 Punjab =30) 19

20. SALIENT FEATURES-III 60 members added to Central Legislative Council Viceroy’s Executive Council expanded 20

21. CONGRESS / HINDU REACTION Hindu politicians and Congress launched a campaign against ‘Separate Electorates’ Congress in 1910 Session demanded its withdrawal All Hindu and several British observers believed communal electorates a breach of democratic principles and sowing seeds for divisions in the society / polity Hindu Muslims relations further deteriorated 21

22. ROLE OF MUSLIM LEAGUE First achievement of AIML within two years of the establishment British Govt. for the first time accepted that in India where different nationalities live Western type of democracy was inapplicable – voice of Sir Syed became reality The status of AIML established as the only political organization representing Muslims 22

23. IMPORTANCE FOR MUSLIMS - I Muslims’ main demand of Separate Electorate was accepted in the provinces where Provincial Councils existed Muslims were given double vote (they could vote separately for Muslims and also for general constituencies) Legal and constitutional status of Muslims in India as a separate entity was accepted & established Created great political awareness among the Indians / Muslims 23

24. IMPORTANCE FOR MUSLIMS - II Congress hadn’t accepted AIML / Muslims as separate entity – now they were (after some time) willing to discuss issues to reduce Hindu – Muslim tension conference of 60 Hindus and 40 Muslims held at Allahabad on 01-01-1911 to discus such issues Congress realized that AIML was an important factor to be reckoned with in Indian politics Reforms gave impetus to the constitutional development in India – first time direct elections were introduced albeit partly 24

25. CONCLUSION Reforms played significant role in the constitutional history / development in India But for Muslims they were of paramount importance and shaped their political fate Had there been no provision of ‘Separate Electorate’ least chances of Lucknow Pact (1916) consequently no concept of Pakistan Resolution and ultimately Pakistan itself! 25

26. LUKNOW PACT 1916 26

27. PAST YEARS QUESTIONS Describe the main contents and relative importance of the Lucknow Pact and Delhi Muslim Proposals and their respective impact on the subsequent political developments in India. (2011) Illustrate the role of Quaid -e- Azam for protecting the constitutional rights of Muslims of the subcontinent from 1916-1933? (2009) Quaid -e- Azam was the ambassador of “Hindu-Muslim Unity”. Discuss it in perspective of Lukhnow Pact and what future vision depicted from the pact? (2008) 27

28. INTRODUCTION An episode of great political and constitutional magnitude Example of Jinnah’s sagacious statesmanship – holding dual membership of Congress and AIML acted as an apostle of Hindu – Muslims unity A bridge to narrow down the gulf between Hindus and Muslims A step towards establishment of a bi-national state and self govt. in India when Congress + AIML agreed over the political & constitutional future of India 28

29. EVENTS LEADING TO THE PACT Meeting of 60 Hindus and 40 Muslims held at Allahabad on 01-01-1911 Congress annual session at Karachi (Dec. 1913) Bhopindra Nath Basu positive gestures towards Muslims and stressed for better understanding / Cooperation 1913 - Jinnah jointed ML while retaining Congress membership–Ambassador of Unity On 31-12-1915 Congress and ML held sessions at Bombay – committees set up to explore ways of cooperation Joint session of Congress and AIML in Dec. 1916 at Lucknow Jinnah presided ML and made a strong plea for unity. Congress leader Ambica Charan Manjumdar reciprocated 29

30. SALIENT FEATURES Settlement of Communal Issues (Hindus vs. Muslims) Demands from the British (Congress + AIML vs. British Govt.) 30

31. Settlement of Communal Issues- i Congress conceded the Muslim / ML demand of Separate Electorate – Not only where they existed earlier (under 1909 Act) but in Punjab and CP as well But, Muslims were to lose the double advantage of vote in general elections (in vogue since 1909) Muslim Representation in Central Legislative Council to constitute 1/3 rd of the elected members 31

32. Settlement of Communal Issues-ii Communal veto – no bill, affecting a particular community, should be processed in any council, if 75% of members of that community in the council oppose it. 32

33. Settlement of Communal Issues-iii ‘ Weightage ’ Principle Muslim minority provinces : More share was given to Muslims UP (pop. 14% - seats 30%); Madras (pop. 6.15% - seats 14%) Muslim majority provinces: Hindus were given weightage more than their population In Bengal (25% more) and Punjab (10% more) [criticized by certain Muslim politicians and journalists as they lost majorities in Bengal and Punjab while no real benefit accrued in Muslim minority provinces ] 33

34. Settlement of Communal Issues-III In Provincial Councils Muslims seats were: Punjab 50%; Bengal 40%; Bombay 35%; UP 30%; Bihar 25%; CP 15%; Madras 15%;   34

35. Demands from British Govt. Provincial Autonomy: Max. administrative and financial autonomy for provinces Half members of Central / Provincial Executive Councils to be popularly elected All Legislative Councils with substantial popularly elected majorities (around 80%) Separation of Executive from Judiciary 35

36. SIGNIFICANCE -I Notwithstanding the criticism on weightage principle, for the first time an agreed solution to the constitutional issues in India was found by the two parties / communities Created trust among Hindus and Muslims [critical - ultimately of no use] Three clear benefits to Muslims Separate electorate accepted by Hindus More seats / weightage in Muslim minority provinces Communal veto [not accepted by British in 1919 Act] Khilafat Movement 36

37. SIGNIFICANCE - II Heavy price paid by Muslims – lost majorities in Bengal and Punjab For Congress / Hindus – gave strength to the indigenous cause vis-à-vis the British The Hindu-Muslim honeymoon culminated into Non-cooperation Movement Khilafat Movement 37

38. CONCLUSION Though Hindu – Muslim unity and the influence of the pact proved short lived yet it greatly impacted the future course of events in next few years The political strength of Congress and AIML increased vis-à-vis the British 38

39. KHILAFAT MOVEMENT 39

40. PAST YEARS QUESTIONS Trace the course of the khilafat movement and assess its significance for the development of Muslim nationalism. (2004) Analyse the credit side as well as debit side of the Khilafat Movement.(1996) 40

41. INTRODUCTION The Movement was an attempt towards religious consciousness – The only movement during British India which had no direct concern with the affairs of Muslims of India But it greatly influenced subsequent political strategy of Indian Muslims – in fact spearheaded Pakistan movement 41

42. BACKGROUND Turkey (Ottoman Empire) – the seat of Muslim Caliphate joined hands with Germany against allies, headed by Britain during WW-1 (1914-19) British Government sought help of Indians (especially Muslims) against Germans and its partners and promised not to deprive Turkey of her territories including holy places after cessation of hostilities Victorious Britain, backed out of the promise – turned Turkey into fragments like Germany and Austria Enraged Muslims launched Khilafat Movement – struggle for status quo (retention of Khalifah - the institution was instrumental to the concept of Islamic Ummah ) 42

43. FEATURES & DYNAMICS 43

44. Pioneers Who led the movement? Jinnah or Aga Khan? Ulemas from Deoband or Nadva ? Jinnah had opposed Khilafat Movement from the platform of ML, Why? Logic: interference into foreign affairs was against the charter of the party Maulana Mohd Ali Jauhar ( Comrade and Hamdard spread message) Maulana Shaukat Ali Jauhar ; Abul Kalam ; Ulemas from Deoband joined the movement 44

45. All India Khilafat Conference AIKC – a body to protect status of Turkey / Khilafat – passed resolution in first session in Dec 1919 at Amritsar asking Muslims to: Abstain from victory celebrations; Boycott the British goods; Not to cooperate with the Government; AIKC sent a delegation to the British to acquaint them with Muslim feelings March 1920 delegation reached Europe – addressed meetings in London / Paris – The aim remained unfulfilled. They came back home without any success 45

46. NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT Gandhi an advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity Joined Jauhar brothers Motive was to gain strength for ‘self rule’ Hindus also felt betrayed by the British for their promise of self rule in India after the War   Announced Non-cooperation Movement, from platform of Congress in 1920 Session at Calcutta, and exhorted Indians to:   Surrender all British titles Refuse to attend any Government function Boycott of British law courts Boycott of forthcoming elections 46

47. KHALIFAH & SAWARAJ Khalifah and Sawaraj (self rule) became the two slogans of the movement The movement became very successful and popular – both Mohammad Ali and Gandhi toured India – Jauhar even imprisoned. 47

48. Anti-climax Death Blows to the Khilafat Movement: Gandhi unilaterally called off Non-cooperation Movement in February 1922. Why? After Chauri Chaura (small town in Bombay) Tragedy when 15 policemen were killed by angry protestors and skirmishes between people and law enforcers started – to restore peace   The emergence of Kamal Ata Turk and establishment of Modern Turkey after abolishing the title of Khalifah 48

49. SIGNIFICANCE IN THE HISTORY OF MUSLIM INDIA 49

50. A. Indigenous / popular Most popular indigenous movement - No direct relevance to Indian Muslims –but united them and brought further closer to Indian Hindus New type leadership for Muslims: who no longer operated behind the scene but mingled with masses and prepared to go behind the bars Popular politics replaced drawing room discussions Jauhar brothers established Jamia-i-Milli (National Muslim University) which served as alma mater for national education Critical: Jauhar brothers, under Gandhi’s leadership, tried to take over Aligarh but could not succeed, established this institution 50

51. B. An Eye opener An eye opener for Muslims – Hindus and Muslims made a united / common cause but Gandhi called off Non-Cooperation Movement unilaterally Critical: He did it to avert violence but should have taken Muslims in confidence Muslims suspected Gandhi’s intentions – communal violence ensued which served a death blow to Hindu Muslim unity Involvement of masses in politics : Indian Muslims knew how to agitate and how to participate in politics 51

52. C. RELIGIOUS CONSCIOUSNESS Religion was pivotal for the movement, subsequently became instrumental for future politics Religious consciousness turned into political consciousness Involvement of masses in politics : Indian Muslims knew for the first time how to agitate and how to participate in politics 52

53. d. Unity in Muslim ranks Brought radicals and moderates closer: Jauhars and Agha Khan While ‘agitators’ were taking out processions in India, ‘constitutionalists’ / ‘loyalists’ were writing articles in ‘The Times’ in Britain Their aim was identical (only the means were different) 53

54. the darker side Brought an end to politics of Luknow Pact which Jinnah had concluded with Congress with great effort In the beginning it appeared that Khilafat Movement and Non-Cooperation Movement were logical corollaries of the unity period Soon the myth of Hindu-Muslim unity broke down! It took leadership of Muslims from enlightened / secular leaders like Jinnah to the Muslim clergy, who hated the secular politics of ML led by Jinnah Jamiat -e- Ulema -e-Hind , a new political organization of Muslims emerged on the Indian scene, which later opposed Pakistan plan 54

55. CONCLUSION Movement couldn’t achieve its stated objectives but its impact was far reaching on the subsequent course of the politics of Indian Muslims Khilafat movement indeed spearheaded Pakistan movement as: Muslim masses learnt politics They knew that Hindu Muslim unity was a myth They started thinking to devise a separate strategy for themselves 55

56. MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REFORMS / GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1919 56

57. INTRODUCTION Indians had been demanding and were promised ‘self rule’ during WW-1 (1914-18) ‘Self Rule’ = Governance at Provincial level by native politicians The Act of 1919 fell short of the aspirations of the Indians It offered a limited role to the native politicians in governance at Provincial level 57

58. SALIENT FEATURES - I Direct elections for Provincial Councils Wider franchise rights Lower property qualifications Principle of ‘Separate Electorates’ retained Extended to Sikhs But other minorities still denied In the constitutional structure Congress-ML arrangement ( Lucknow Pact) was rejected 58

59. SALIENT FEATURES - II The principle of ‘ Dyarchy ’ introduced Certain ( ‘authority’ wise less important ) subjects (e.g. health, education, etc. but significant in service delivery) were “transferred” to the Ministers Chosen from and responsible to the Provincial Legislative Council More important functions (e.g. police / law & order, revenue administration, etc.) were retained by British Governors / Executive Council Analysis : limited executive authority given at Provincial level – objective was to train the natives about the governance 59

60. SALIENT FEATURES - III Governor to enact any bill, including money bill, if he “certified” it as essential Central Legislative Council was replaced by a bicameral legislature : Council of State and Indian Legislative Assembly with great majority of elected members Analysis : Still no executive authority yielded to natives at Central level Examination / review of the working of the system by a commission after ten years 60

61. WORKING OF REFORMS - I 1920 elections were boycotted by Congress – criticized / rejected Act of 1919 Congress splinter National Liberals participated in elections in most of the provinces Muslims did not reject But AIML also followed Congress – did not participate in elections (unity period – 1919 to 1924 - AIML did not meet independently – worked with Congress) After Khilafat movement, the chapter of rapprochement (unity period) ended 61

62. WORKING OF REFORMS - II In 1924, AIML demanded sawaraj (‘self rule’) – Minority safeguards – separate electorates Federal polity Muslim majorities in Punjab, Bengal, NWFP not to be disturbed Full provincial autonomy 62

63. SIGNIFICANCE / IMPLICATIONS 1919 Act - Not much significant except that for the first time limited executive authority was delegated to the natives at provincial level It widened gulf between Hindus and Muslims to some extent – Hindu Ministers’ policies accentuated the gulf 63

64. CONCLUSION   In the beginning the Reforms brought Congress and AIML further closer but Later on parting of ways started with the practical experiment of the limited rule 64

65. NEHRU REPORT 1928 65

66. PAST YEARS QUESTIONS - I Describe the main contents and relative importance of the Lucknow Pact and Delhi Muslim Proposals and their respective impact on the subsequent political developments in India. (2011) Illustrate the role of Quaid -e- Azam for protecting the constitutional rights of Muslims of the subcontinent from 1916-1933? (2009) Make a critical comparison of the Nehru Report and the Quaid -e- Azam’s Fourteen Points. (2001) 66

67. PAST YEARS QUESTIONS - II Describe the main recommendations of the Nehru Report. What was the Muslim reaction to them?(1993) Give a critical evaluation of the Fourteen Points of the Quaid - i - Azam . (1997) Compare and contrast the Nehru Report and Quaid-i-Azam’s Fourteen Points(1996). 67

68. INTRODUCTION   NEHRU REPORT: A devise of Motilal Nehru A blue print of Hindu polarization against Muslims and their political rights A death blow to the concord of Lucknow A Congress Constitution, demanding Dominion Status for India, came in August 1928 68

69. BACKGROUND Lord Birkenhead, Secretary of State for India, criticized Indians – ‘not being able to produce a unanimous report acceptable to all communities’ Reply: ‘All Parties Conference’ was convened – AIML joined but later pulled out due to practical dominance of Hindu Mahasaba – an extremist organization The committee comprised of certain members of the minority communities, who were not truly represented by their respective communities 69

70. SALIENT FEATURES - I Dominion Status for India – Parliamentary form of government Rejected Federation on communal basis – in fact suggested ‘unitary state’ Provincial autonomy but residuary powers at centre (provinces - linguistically constituted) NWFP be given provincial status Sindh separated from Bombay subject to financial viability 70

71. SALIENT FEATURES - II “ Separate electorates ” abandoned – in favour of joint electorate Communal veto scrapped Universal adult suffrage proposed Only 1/4 th seats for Muslims in Central Legislature Hindi to be official language of India 71

72. ANALYSIS The report regarded Muslim problem as purely religious and cultural (communal) matter – to be cured by full religious liberty and cultural autonomy – ‘Declaration of Rights’ Muslims knew where they stood in Congress scheme – In 1916 when they needed AIML support they accepted ‘Separate Electorate’ - here they scrapped it! 72

73. MUSLIM RESPONSE 73

74. IMMEDIATE REJECTION - I Muslims were shocked – Members of Central and Provincial Councils found it impossible to agree Agha Khan doubted if any serious minded person could imagine the Muslims accepting it The immediate result – the two groups of AIML (created in 1927) came closer to oppose it 74

75. IMMEDIATE REJECTION - II On 12-03-1929 when the Report was debated in the Indian Legislative Assembly all Muslim members including Jinnah rejected it The Times (13-03-1929) observed: ‘The solidarity of Muslim feeling in the Assembly was not unexpected, but certainly disturbing to those trying to represent the Nehru Report as a demand of a united India. Henceforth, such a claim must be manifestly absurd’. 75

76. DELHI PROPOSALS (1929) All India Muslim Conference, presided by Agha Khan, met in Delhi in 1929 and laid down following demands: Federal system – residuary powers to provinces Separate electorates Muslim weightage in Hindu Majority provinces Muslims due share in Cabinets (Central & Prov.) Due share in public service jobs Protection & promotion of Muslim education, culture, etc. 76

77. MUSLIM RESPONSE (Contd.) JINNAH’S 14 POINTS (1929) 77

78. COMMUNAL ISSUES Separate electorates – with possibility of joint electorates at a later stage 1/3 rd Muslim representation at Centre Communal veto demanded Weightage – without changing majority into minority, especially in Bengal & Punjab 78

79. FEDERALISM Bi-national state with loose Federation of 5 Muslim and 6 Hindu majority provinces Complete provincial autonomy - Residuary powers to provinces Change in the Constitution – only with the consent of the constituent states Adult franchise 79

80. REFORMS IN SINDH / NWFP Separation of Sindh from Bombay Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan on the same footing as in other provinces Necessary territorial adjustments should not convert Muslim majorities into minorities in Punjab, Bengal and NWFP 80

81. PARTING OF WAYS Jinnah’s fourteen points were repetition of what Congress had accepted in Lucknow Pact Rejection of these Muslim demands in the Report created / widened gulf between Hindus and Muslims (Congress and ML) This was turning point in the history of India – the two communities never united afterwards 81

82. CONCLUSION This political development convinced the Muslims that they could not trust Congress / Hindus Henceforth, co-existentialism replaced with separatism – struggle for freedom 82

83. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS – I (points of divergence) LUKNOW PACT NEHRU REPORT JINNAH’S 14 POINTS SEPARATE ELECTORATES RECOGNIZED By Congress ABANDONED (proposed ‘ Joint Electorate’) DEMANDED By Jinnah PROVINCIAL AUTONOMY MAXIMUM AUTONOMY Demanded DEMANDED But RESIDUARY POWERS with the Centre DEMANDED But RESIDUARY POWER with Provinces 83

84. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS – II (points of divergence) LUKNOW PACT NEHRU REPORT JINNAH’S 14 POINTS COMMUNAL VETO RECOGNIZED By Congress ABANDONED By Nehru DEMANDED By Jinnah MUSLIM REPRESENTATION IN LEGILATIVE COUNCIL Congress RECOGNIZED 1/3 rd Muslim Representation CONCEDED Only 1/4 th By Nehru Jinnah DEMANDED 1/3 rd Again 84

85. LUKNOW PACT NEHRU REPORT JINNAH’S 14 POINTS SINDH’S PROVINCIAL STATUS No Mention DEMANDED if financially viable DEMANDED By Jinnah in any case OFFICIAL LANGUAGE No Mention HINDI Jinnah DEMANDED Language rights for Muslims 85 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS – III (points of divergence)

86. LUKNOW PACT NEHRU REPORT JINNAH’S 14 POINTS FORM OF GOVERNMENT AGREED Self Govt. at Provincial Level DEMANDED Federal (RPs to Centre) Parliamentary REITERATED Federal (RPs to Provinces) Parliamentary OFFICIAL LANGUAGE No Mention HINDI Jinnah DEMANDED 86 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS – IV (POINTS OF CONVERGENCE)

87. LUKNOW PACT NEHRU REPORT JINNAH’S 14 POINTS NWFP & BALUCHISTAN No Mention DEMANDED reforms for Provincial status DEMANEDED Provincial Status FRANCHISE PROPOSED Universal adult suffrage REITERATED Universal adult suffrage 87 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS – V (POINTS OF CONVERGENCE)

88. IQBAL’S ALLAHABAD ADDRESS 1930 88

89. PAST YEARS QUESTIONS Examine Allama Iqbal’s concept of Muslim Nationalism in the light of Allahabad address (2005) Write detailed notes on any TWO of the following: (b) Allama Iqbal (2001) Analyse political developments between Iqbal’s Allahabad address and the Lahore Resolution. (1991) 89

90. INTRODUCTION   A landmark in the history of Muslim India He was dubbed as visionary and an idealist but time proved that his solution was genuine, possible and practical – to the complex social, political and religious problems of India 90

91. POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF INDIA Complex social, cultural, political and linguistic issues remained in the thought process of politicians, thinkers, statesmen since centuries In late 1920s – new socio-political consciousness of Muslims of India Iqbal was a poet philosopher and a political thinker – studied Indian scene from different angles 91

92. POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF INDIA   He was a critic of modern / territorial nationalism as understood in Europe India, unlike European countries, inhabited by several nations mainly Hindus and Muslims Duality of religion and polity / state (secularism) not applicable in Indian society Islam plays significant role in Muslim lives. They are not willing to submerge their ‘religious identity’ Hence, to ensure internal harmony settlement of communal question is crucial 92

93. THE PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS - I   India was not a county but a continent where many nations live - each with separate identity, religion, culture, etc. Federalism can’t succeed without recognizing the national identity of Muslims Modern nationalism / unitary form of government simply unthinkable for Muslims Redistribution of India – Muslim India within India: propounded two nation theory logically 93

94. THE PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS   Residuary powers be given to self governing units Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan amalgamation – final destiny at least of North West India This will offer peace and security due to internal balance of power 94

95. CRITICAL ANALYSIS Presented his idea logically and defended it effectively He did not argue for a Muslim State but for a Muslim block within Indian federation of a very loose centre equivalent to a confederation Bengal and Assam did not appear into his calculations – later on brought into the scheme by Muslims 95

96. CRITICAL ANALYSIS [ Making of Pakistan by K K Aziz ] Some critics argue that Iqbal never argued for an independent state and, therefore, should not be accorded the parentage of Pakistan The criticism can be repudiated by Iqbal’s letters to Jinnah (from May 1936 to Nov. 1937) On 28-03-1937, he wrote “it is necessary to redistribute the country and provide one or more Muslim states with absolute majorities. Don’t you think the time for such a demand has already arrived?” 96

97. SIGNIFICANCE Provided new opportunities to think in terms of a separate homeland for Muslims Jinnah gave most serious consideration to Iqbal’s scheme of partition Lord Lothian, the then Secretary of State for India appreciated and found it as the only formula to save India from continual tension and strife 97

98. CONCLUSION Iqbal was the one who gave possible solution to the troubles of India Lahore Resolution finally demanded a separate homeland which was initially thought by Iqbal   Iqbal was indeed an architect and an ideologue of Pakistan – Jinnah gave reality to his dream 98