ALTERATION IN COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS.pptx

ALTERATIONS IN COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS.

1. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN) ALTERATIONS IN COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS

2. Any altered cognitive process refers to a change or disruption in the way that a person perceive ,process or responds to information. These can be manifested in a variety of ways such as changes in attention ,memory , language , perception or problem-solving abilities Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

3. 1. ALTERATION IN PERCEPTION Perception is a psychological function which enables the organism to receive & process information on the state of alterations & environment. ILLUSION – it is also known as wrong perception. In this the person recognize a clear stimulus improperly. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

4. ALTERATION IN PERCEPTION HALLUCINATION – it is defined as perception of stimulus in the absence of actual stimulus. Visual hallucination Auditory hallucination Olfactory hallucination Tactile hallucination Gustatory hallucination Kinaesthetic hallucination (false perception that a part of his body id missing) Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

5. 2. ALTERATION IN THOUGHT PROCESS Thinking is a process that enables us to find solutions to problems by using symbolic representation of representation of stimuli or event. Autistic Thinking – it is manifested by withdrawal of a patient into the self. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

6. ALTERATION IN THOUGHT PROCESS 2. Flight of ideas – in this type of thinking process appears too rapid. the person jumps from one idea to another very rapidly. 3. Thought retardation – in this when any questions is asked to an individual he speaks slowly in a low tone & take a very long time to complete the answer. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

7. ALTERATION IN THOUGHT PROCESS 4. Circumstantiality – in this thought disorder when any question is asked to an individual he begin to respond, follows a series of related topics & reaches his answer but only after many unnecessary details. 5. Tangentiality – in this when any questions is asked to an individual he begin to respond tells many unnecessary details but never reaches to correct answer. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

8. ALTERATION IN THOUGHT PROCESS 6. Perseveration - it is persistent repetition of same ideas & thought. Example – when an individual is asked different questions . He gives the same answer. 7. Thought Block – Sudden cessations of thought in the process of thinking. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

9. ALTERATION IN THOUGHT PROCESS 8. Incoherence – it means disconnect thinking . In this ideas is mixed up with another without any connection. 9. Hypochondriasis – in this persons feels himself ill without any medical basis or pathology. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

10. ALTERATION IN THOUGHT PROCESS 10. Delusions - in this the person has false fixed belief. Although this belief is considered as improper or impossible by the people. Delusion of grandeur- (patient believes that he is a big man or can do everything) Delusion of persecution- (the person has false & fixed belief that members of his family, relatives or friends want to kill him) Delusion of guilt- (in this the person becomes self critical & has a false fixed belief that he is a wicked sinner)(bed person) Nihilistic delusion- (in this the person does not accept the existence of his body and the world around him) Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

11. ALTERATION IN THOUGHT PROCESS 11.Obsessions – an obsession is defined as an idea or impulse which arrives into the conscious mind of a person. Although it is considered as irrational by the person and he tries to resist against it but he is unable to do so. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

12. ALTERATION IN THOUGHT PROCESS 12. Phobia – it is defined as an irritational fear of a specific object, situation or activity. Agoraphobia – fear of open spaces. Acrophobia – fear of high spaces. Zoophobia – fear of animals. Claustrophobia – fear of closed places. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

13. 3. ALTERATION IN INTELLIGENCE MENTAL RETARDATION - The person whom IQ levels is less than 70 are known as mentally retarded persons. Profound mental retardation – IQ less than 20 Severe mental retardation – IQ level between 20 – 35 Moderate mental retardation – IQ level between 35 – 50 Mild mental retardation – IQ level between 50 – 70 Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

14. 4. ALTERATION IN LEARNING Every modification in behaviour is called as a learning. Dyslexia – A learning disorder characterized by difficulty in reading, spelling and writing.it often involves challenges in recognizing sounds of words & decoding them. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

15. ALTERATION IN LEARNING 2. Dysgraphia – a condition affecting writing abilities including problems with hand writing ,spelling & organizing ideas coherently on paper. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

16. ALTERATION IN LEARNING 3 . Dyscalculia – a learning difficulties involving challenges in understanding numbers ,mathematical, concepts and calculations. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

17. ALTERATION IN LEARNING 4. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder – a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with attention, impulsiveness & hyperactivity which can impact learning process. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

18. ALTERATION IN LEARNING 5. Executive Functioning disorder – Challenges in skill such as planning , organizing & manging time which are crucial for learning & complete the task effectively . Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

19. 5. ALTERATION IN MEMORY Memory is the ability of an organism to store information from earlier learning process & use that information in answer of specific stimuli. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

20. ALTERATION IN MEMORY 1. Amnesia – A partial or complete loss of memory which can be temporary or permanent. It may be result from brain injury , trauma or illness. Anterograde Amnesia –the inability to from new memories after a traumatic event while long term memories from before the event remain intact. Retrograde Amnesia – the loss of memories from before a specific event such as injury or illness. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

21. ALTERATION IN MEMORY Transient global amnesia ( TGA) – a sudden temporary episode of memory loss that involves the inability to recall recent events or from new memories, typically lasting for a few hours. Dementia – A group of conditions characterized by the progressive decline of memory, reasoning & other cognitive abilities often due to brain disease. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

22. ALTERATION IN MEMORY 4. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – A mental health conditions triggered by traumatic events leading to difficulty recalling specific details of the trauma. 5. Hyperthymesia - an extremely rare condition where an individual has an exceptional autographical memory ,remembering almost every detail of their life. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

23. ALTERATION IN MEMORY 6. Paramnesia – a misinterpretation of memory where individual confuses imagination or fantasy with real memories .it can be false memories. Mixing elements of past & present experiences or an altered sense of familiarity. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

24. ALTERATION IN MEMORY 7. déjà vu (already seen) – The sensation of having already experiences something that is happening in the present moments. 8. Jamais Vu (Never seen) – The feeling of unfamiliarity with something that should be familiar like known person ,word or places. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

25. ALTERATION IN MEMORY Confabulations – in this the person fills the gap in his memory by making up on his own. 10. Delirium – it is a type of disorder in which cloudiness of consciousness, disorientation & disturbances in perception. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

26. ALTERATION IN MEMORY 11. False memory syndrome – a condition where a person strongly believes in a memory of an event that never occurred often influenced by external factors like suggestions or imaginations. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

27. 6. ALTERATION IN ATTENTION Attention is an concentration of consciousness upon one object rather than another. Distraction – In ability to focus attention. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)

28. ALTERATION IN ATTENTION 2. Attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – this disorder is characterized by inability to focus attention ,impulsiveness & inappropriate activity. Ms. POOJA SEN M.SC NURSING ( MHN)