Alzheimers_Disease_Presentation_Shashi_Sehrawat_KUK.pptx

explanation on alzheimers dieses

1. Alzheimer’s Disease Presented by: Shashi Sehrawat B.Pharm Final Year KUK University

2. Introduction & Overview Definition: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing memory loss and cognitive decline. History: First described by Dr. Alois Alzheimer in 1906. Prevalence: Affects over 55 million people worldwide. Significance: Major cause of dementia in the elderly.

3. Anatomy & Brain Regions Affected • Hippocampus – memory formation • Cerebral cortex – thinking and planning • Neuronal loss and synaptic dysfunction lead to brain shrinkage

4. Causes & Risk Factors • Age – major risk factor • Genetics – APOE ε4 gene increases risk • Environmental factors – head injuries, toxins • Lifestyle – poor diet, inactivity, smoking

5. Pathophysiology • β-amyloid plaques accumulate between neurons • Tau protein tangles form inside neurons • Neurotransmitter imbalance (ACh ↓) • Leads to neuronal death and brain atrophy

6. Signs & Symptoms Early stage: memory lapses, confusion Moderate stage: disorientation, language issues Severe stage: loss of motor control, dependence on care

7. Diagnosis • Cognitive and memory testing (MMSE) • Brain imaging – MRI, PET scans • Biomarkers – amyloid and tau in CSF • Differential diagnosis to rule out other dementias

8. Treatment & Current Drugs • Cholinesterase inhibitors: Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine • NMDA receptor antagonist: Memantine • Supportive therapy: counseling, physical activity

9. Research & Future Therapies • Monoclonal antibodies (Aducanumab, Lecanemab) • Stem cell and gene therapy research • Preventive focus: antioxidants, cognitive training, diet modification

10. Summary & References Summary: • AD is progressive and incurable yet manageable. • Research aims at slowing disease progression. References: 1. WHO Alzheimer’s Report 2023 2. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 3. Goodman & Gilman’s Pharmacology