Amatu Rehman Presentation on Claviceps.pptx

Plant Pathology, Mycology, Botany

1. Ascomycota : Claviceps Presented by: Amatu Rehman Hulvova et al . 2013

2. Contents Classification Introduction Ergot Hymenoascomycetes : Pyrenomycetes Stroma Sclerotia Life Cycle Claviceps Spp. Host Range Climatic Conditions Ergot infection Poisioning Due to Claviceps Loss in Yield Report of Canada Pathogenic Life Cycle St. Antony’s fire Management Conclusion Refferences

3. Classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Family: Clavicipitaceae Genus: Claviceps

4. Introduction Claviceps : ergot of grasses It is defined as the perithicial ascoma producing fungus parasitizing the overies of of rushes, grasses and sedges and cause ergot of grasses and ergotism in mammals

5. Ergot Ergot is the French name for a cock’s spur, referring to the curved, banana-shaped sclerotia which project from the inflorescence of infected grasses and cereals in late summer (Webster & Weber 2007) The name ‘ergot’ is derived from an old French word ‘Argot’ which means Cock’s spur which represents the dark brown, horn-shaped fungal structure that projects from the ripening ears of infected crops( VanDogen and DeGroot,1995; Nicholson, 2007)

6. Hymenoascomycetes : Pyrenomycetes According to the classification of M.E. Barr 2001 which based on phylogenetic analysis classified them into Pyrenomycetes As they belongs to Pyrenoascomycetes , they producing perithecium fruiting body having basal hymenium which produced fertile layer of ascus that are supported by the paraphyses

7. What Is Stroma ?? Stroma Lossely arranged hyphal mass that produced ascoma Scleroticum Compact hyphal mass that is perennating structure for overwintering and stored food Kendrick 2008

8. Sclerotia Compact hyphal mass that is perennating structure for overwintering and stored food Fig: Wheat grains with black colored sclerotia ( Hulvova et al. 2013)

9. Life Cycle Webster & Weber 2007)

10. Life Cycle Primary inoculum is an ascospore , developed from overwintered scleroticum Ascospores germinate on a grass stigma to form an intercellular mycelium which grows down to the base of the ovary Growth is upward, within a few days a conidial stroma develops within the ovary that appears in the form of Honey droplets on the surface of florets Conidial stage called Sphacelia segatum While lower down the sclerotium initial develops that is overwintering structure and 3cm in length then normal ovary

11. Conti….. Tissues of grains replaced totally by fungal tissues that’s why its is called replacement disease Scleroticum Consists of three layers thin purplish-brown rind a central layer of translucent gelatinous tissues discontinuous layer of mealy white tissue

12. Claviceps Spp. There are over 40 species of Claviceps , parasitic on grasses, rushes and, occasionally, sedges (Alderman, 2003 ) Claviceps spp. C . purpurea , cause of ergot of grasses and cereals C . sorghi and C. africana which cause ergot of sorghum (Frederickson et al . 1991 ) C . paspali on Paspalum C. fusiformis on pearl millet ( Pennisetum typhoides )

13. Host Range Claviceps mostly parasitise the grasses, rushes and sedges C. purpurea effects almost 40 species of grasses Economically most important is the infection of rye ( Secale cereale L.) which is a major crop in Germany , Scandinavia, Poland, Russia and Ukraine (Geiger et al. 2009)

14. Climatic Conditions Cleviceps prasitise mostly in temperate regions Tropical and sub-tropical regions

15. Ergot Infection Ergot five stroma Each Stroma hundred perithicial cavities Each perithecium fifty aci Each ascus eight ascospores 5 x 100 x 50 x 8 =2,00,000 Thus, two lac propagules per ergot

16. Poisioning Due To Claviceps Claviceps causes the poisioning by releasing the alkaloids Alkaloids of Claviceps Ergometrine Ergotamine LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

17. Loss In Yield The effect of infection on the host can result in yield reduction by as much as 80% of seeds ( Buchta & Cvak , 1999 ) In studies ( Asghar et al. 2016), 185 wheat samples were collected from different areas of Pakistan Claviceps purpurea species was found to be inevident in all tested wheat samples ( Asghar et al. 2016 ) In Europe and Asia, it causes huge economic loss

18. Report Of Canada

19. Report Of Canada

20. Pathogenic Lifestyle Claviceps purpurea : molecular aspects of a unique pathogenic lifestyle article ( Tudzynski & Scheffer 2004) 600 monocot species effected by the infection of Claviceps purpurea Including important crop plants such as rye, wheat, barley , rice, corn, millet and oats

21. Pathogenic Lifestyle Tudzynski & Scheffer 2004

22. St. Anthony’s Fire Claviceps that consumed by mammals from different way cause ergotism in humans Symptoms Burning Hallucination Mycotoxicosis

23. Management/Control Agronomic Measures Crop rotation Time of pollen production Deep plowing buries sclerotia in the soil Control of wild and weedy grasses and cereal volunteers Irrigation Post-harvest field burning Certified seed Fungicides Mechanical Cleaning

24. Conclusion Claviceps economically very important to produced alkaloids People should aware of Claviceps Need to control because it cause huge loss

25. Refferences Webster, J., & Weber, R. (2007).  Introduction to fungi . Cambridge university press . Ainsworth, G. C. (2008). Ainsworth & Bisby's dictionary of the fungi. Cabi . Desalegn , A., Abate, D., & Teshome , B. (2022). Awareness of people living in Sagure District, Arsi , Ethiopia about ergot fungus ( Claviceps purpurea ) and ergotism . SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science, 45(2), 165-173 . Tudzynski , P., & Scheffer , J. A. N. (2004). Claviceps purpurea : molecular aspects of a unique pathogenic lifestyle. Molecular Plant Pathology, 5(5), 377-388 . Hulvová , H., Galuszka , P., Frébortová , J., & Frébort , I. (2013). Parasitic fungus Claviceps as a source for biotechnological production of ergot alkaloids.  Biotechnology Advances ,  31 (1), 79-89 .

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