An emerging mosquito-borne virus (ZIKA VIRUS) .pptx

An emerging mosquito-borne virus was first identified in Zika forest of Uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys through a monitoring network of sylvatic yellow fever. When the monkey developed a fever, researchers isolated from its serum a transmissible agent that was first described as Zika virus in 1952. In 1954, it was isolated for the first time from humans in Nigeria

Zika virus is transmitted to people primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito. These are the same mosquitoes that spread dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses. Species include A.aegypti and arboreal mosquitoes such as A. africanus, A. apicoargenteus, A. furcifer, A. hensilli, A. luteocephalus, and A. vitattus.
• These mosquitoes typically lay eggs in and near standing water in things like Buckets, Bowls, Animal dishes, Flower pots and vases. They are aggressive daytime biters, prefer to bite people, and live indoors and outdoors near people. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on a person already infected with the virus. Infected mosquitoes can then spread the virus to other people through bites.

About 1 in 5 people infected with Zika virus become ill (i.e., develop Zika). The most common symptoms of Zika are fever, rash, joint pain, or conjunctivitis (red eyes). Other common symptoms include muscle pain and headache.
The incubation period (the time from exposure to symptoms) for Zika virus disease is not known, but is likely to be a few days to a week. The illness is usually mild with symptoms lasting for several days to a week.
Zika virus usually remains in the blood of an infected person for a few days but it can be found longer in some people.
• Congenital microcephaly  Gullian barre syndrome
There are no commercially available diagnostic tests for Zika virus disease. Zika virus is diagnosed through PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and virus isolation from


No vaccine or medications are available to prevent or treat Zika infections. Treat the symptoms: ◦ Get plenty of rest ◦ Drink fluids to prevent dehydration ◦ Take medicine such as acetaminophen to relieve fever and pain
• No vaccine exists to prevent Zika virus disease (Zika) Prevent Zika by avoiding mosquito bites. 1. Mosquitoes that spread Zika virus bite mostly during the daytime. 2. Mosquitoes that spread Zika virus also spread dengue and chikungunya viruses.
• 21. When traveling to countries where Zika virus or other viruses spread by mosquitoes are found, take the following steps: Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants. Stay in places with air conditioning or that use window and door screens to keep mosquitoes outside. Sleep under a mosquito bed net if you are overseas or outside and are not able to protect yourself from mosquito bites
• It is also important to empty, clean or cover containers that can hold water such as buckets, flower pots or tyres, so that places where mosquitoes can breed are removed.

1. ZIKA VIRUS Amit gangwar ( MVSc Scholar)

2. An emerging mosquito-borne virus First identified in Zika forest of Uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys When the monkey developed a fever, researchers isolated from its serum a transmissible agent that was first described as Zika virus in 1952 In 1954, it was isolated for the first time from humans in Nigeria 3·6 billion people are living in at-risk areas for transmission

3. Epidemiology In February 2016, WHO declared Zika-related microcephaly a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), and the causal link between the Zika virus and congenital malformations was confirmed. WHO declared the end of the PHEIC in November of the same year . To date, a total of 89 countries and territories have reported evidence of mosquito transmitted Zika virus infection.

4. From the 1960s to 1980s, sporadic human infections were detected across Africa and Asia. Since 2007 outbreaks of Zika virus disease recorded in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific. Increased incidence of Guillain- barré syndrome over the last decade. Epidemic in Brazil in 2015, an association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly (smaller than normal head size) was first described

5. Indian scenario India reported the first Zika case from Gujarat state in 2016.

6. Since 2016, many other States namely Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and Karnataka have reported cases subsequently.

7. ETIOLOGY (+) ssRNA Family : Flaviviridae Genus : Flavivirus Species : Zika virus Reservoir : R hesus monkey (non human primates)

8. Species as A. aegypti, and arboreal mosquitoes such as A. africanus, A. a picoargenteus , A. a urcifer , A. h ensilli , A. l uteocephalus , and A. itattus . Mother to fetus during pregnancy Sexual contact Transfusion of blood and blood products Possibly through organ transplantation. No reports of infants getting zika virus through breastfeeding

9. Clinical symptoms The incubation period is not known, but is likely to be a few days to a week About 1 in in 5 people infected with the Zika virus become ill Fever R ash, J oint pain, C onjunctivitis (red eyes). M uscle pain and headache.

10. Complications Microcephaly is a condition where a baby’s head is smaller than those of other babies of the same age and sex. Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare condition in which a person’s immune system attacks his or her nerves which cause neuropathy and myelitis, particularly in adults and older children. Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other congenital malformations in the infant, including limb contractures, high muscle tone, eye abnormalities and hearing loss. These clinical features are collectively referred to as Congenital Zika syndrome

11. Diagnosis Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) such as PCR. Zika virus IgM antibody testing V irus isolation from blood samples Diagnosis by serology can be difficult as the virus can cross-react with other flaviviruses such as dengue, West Nile and yellow fever Plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT)

12. Treatment No vaccine or medications are available to prevent or treat Zika infections. Treat the symptoms Get plenty of rest Drink fluids to prevent dehydration A cetaminophen to relieve fever and pain

13. Insect repellents (DEET, IR3535, I caridin ) U sing condoms because biological males and females can pass the Zika virus through sex as the virus can stay in semen longer than in other body fluids .

14. WHO Response Supporting countries in the confirmation of outbreaks through its collaborating network of laboratories. Providing technical support and guidance to countries for the effective management of mosquito-borne disease outbreaks. Reviewing the development of new tools , including insecticide products and application technologies. Formulating evidence-based strategies, policies, and outbreak management plans. Providing technical support and guidance to countries for the effective management of cases and outbreaks. Supporting countries to improve their reporting systems. Providing training on clinical management, diagnosis and vector control at the regional level with some of its collaborating centers. Publishing guidelines and handbooks on epidemiological surveillance, laboratory, clinical case management and vector control for member states .

15. Recent Researches

16. THANK YOU…